Background. Moderate to severe postoperative pain affects performance of daily activities and it contributes to persistent postoperative pain. In patients submitted to cesarean section, this pain can also interfere with women's ability to care for their babies, to effectively breastfeed, and to satisfactorily interact with their children. Factors influencing the pain perception during the immediate postoperative period have not been widely pursued. Objective. To investigate the incidence and predicting factors of postoperative pain after cesarean section. Methods. A prospective longitudinal study with 1,062 women submitted to cesarean section. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, surgical, and health behavior data. We used the 11-point Numerical Pain and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales. We performed logistic analysis to identify predictors of moderate to severe postoperative pain. Results. The incidence of moderate-severe postoperative pain was 78.4% (CI: 95%: 75.9%–80.8%). The preoperative anxiety (OR = 1.60; CI 95%: 1.22–2.30) and intrathecal morphine with fentanyl (OR = 0,23; CI 95%: 0.08–0.66) were significantly associated with moderate-severe postoperative pain report. Conclusion. The preoperative anxiety increases the risk of moderate-severe postoperative pain in women submitted to cesarean section. The intrathecal morphine with fentanyl added to bupivacaine was a protective factor against this pain.

Background Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is one of the post-surgical complications of a Cesarean section. Despite the high rates of Cesarean section worldwide, the incidence of CPSP and the risk factors for this condition remain relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to calculate the incidence of CPSP in women submitted to Cesarean section and to analyze the associated risk factors. Materials and methods A prospective cohort of 621 women undergoing Cesarean section was recruited preoperatively. Potential presurgical (sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle-related characteristics) and post-surgical risk factors (the presence and intensity of pain) risk factors were analyzed. Pain was measured at 24 hours and 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery. Following discharge from hospital, data were collected by telephone. The outcome measure was selfreported pain three months after a Cesarean section. The risk factors for chronic pain were analyzed using the log-binomial regression model (a generalized linear model). Results A total of 462 women were successfully contacted 90 days following surgery. The incidence of CPSP was 25.5% (95%CI: 21.8-29.7). Risk factors included presurgical anxiety (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01-1.05), smoking (adjusted RR 2.22; 95%CI: 1.27-3.88) and severe pain in the early postoperative period (adjusted RR 2.79; 95%CI: 1.29-6.00).

Nº 48 Octubre 2017Página 354 ORIGINALES Dolor postoperatorio en mujeres sometidas a cesáreaDor pós-operatória em mulheres submetidas à cesariana Postoperative pain in women undergoing caesarean section Resultados: La incidencia de dolor fue del 92,7% (IC 95%: 90,9 -94,2) y las puntuaciones de intensidad media en el momento de peor dolor, igual a 6,6 (dp=2,2) . Los descriptores más frecuentes escogidos fueron "dolorida" (91,6%), "dolorida a la palpación" (70,0%) y "palpitante" (56,1%). Conclusiones: El dolor postoperatorio de alta intensidad es una realidad en este grupo, señalando la importancia de la evaluación del dolor para la ejecución de las acciones curativas y preventivas para reducir las pérdidas en la recuperación de las mujeres Palabras clave: Dolor; Dolor Posoperatorio; Cesárea. RESUMO:Objetivo: Estimar a incidência, intensidade e qualidade da dor pós-operatória em mulheres submetidas à cesariana.

Objectives: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. Methods: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. Results: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. Conclusions the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

Objective: To analyze the perceptions of children and adolescents about chronic postsurgical pain, experienced for three years after outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. Method: Descriptive, exploratory study, with a qualitative approach. Children and adolescents who reported chronic postsurgical pain were invited from previous quantitative research. The interviews with a semi-structured script were recorded, transcribed, and coded according to content analysis, thematic modality. Results: Twenty children and teenagers participated. They attributed different meanings to chronic persistent postsurgical pain, configuring a bad, uncomfortable, intermittent and limiting experience, which socially isolates, interferes with daily, school, and leisure activities. The report of pain was underestimated and neglected by the children’s and adolescents’ healthcare team, family members, teachers, and friends. Conclusion: Children and adolescents recognize postsurgical pain as persistent pain and seem to perceive that their report is underestimated and neglected by parents and teachers. Additionally, they feel responsible for the presence of pain that affects psychological and social dimensions and imposes damage and fear that leads to the return of the hernia and to death.

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