Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) beneficially affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Previously, a sex-specific activation of Fgf21 expression was observed in humans and animals with metabolic diseases. It is unknown whether the sex differences in the Fgf21 expression are manifested in response to the natural physiological situations of fasting and refeeding. The aim of this work was to determine liver, White Adipose Tissue (WAT) and Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) expression of genes related to FGF21 signaling in response to 24 h fasting, 6 h refeeding (after 24 h fasting) and Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) in C57Bl mice of both sexes. Obesity was induced by the consumption of palatable food for 10 weeks. mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a and-γ (Pparα, Pparγ), FGF21 (Fgf21), coactivator of FGF receptors (Klb) and transcriptional coactivator (Pgc-1α) were measured by RT-PCR. The study showed that the fasting-induced increases in hepatic Fgf21 gene expression and circulating FGF21 levels, as well as refeeding-induced increases in local WAT and BAT Fgf21 gene expression, were biased toward females. DIO-induced increase in circulating FGF21 levels, as well as in Fgf21 gene expression in the liver and BAT, were biased toward males. Considering that FGF21 is a novel metabolic regulator of energy homeostasis, sex differences in the responses to anabolic and catabolic stimulus could have translational implications for novel therapeutic outcomes.
Hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) regulate energy balance. Mutations in the MC4R gene are the most common cause of monogenic obesity in humans. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising antiobesity agent, but its effects on melanocortin obesity are unknown. Sex is an important biological variable that must be considered when conducting preclinical studies; however, in laboratory animal models, the pharmacological effects of FGF21 are well documented only for male mice. We aimed at investigating whether FGF21 affects metabolism in male and female mice with the lethal yellow (A y ) mutation, which results in MC4R blockage and obesity development. Obese C57Bl-A y male and female mice were administered subcutaneously for 10 days with vehicle or FGF21 (1 mg per 1 kg). Food intake (FI), body weight (BW), blood parameters, and gene expression in the liver, muscles, brown adipose tissue, subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissues, and hypothalamus were measured. FGF21 action strongly depended on the sex of the animals. In the males, FGF21 decreased BW and insulin blood levels without affecting FI. In the females, FGF21 increased FI and liver weight, but did not affect BW. In control A y -mice, expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism (Ppargc1a, Cpt1, Pck1, G6p, Slc2a2) in the liver and genes involved in lipogenesis (Pparg, Lpl, Slc2a4) in visceral adipose tissue was higher in females than in males, and FGF21 administration inhibited the expression of these genes in females. FGF21 administration decreased hypothalamic POMC mRNA only in males. Thus, the pharmacological effect of FGF21 were significantly different in male and female A y -mice; unlike males, females were resistant to catabolic effects of FGF21.
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