Cross-species chromosome painting has become the mainstay of comparative cytogenetic and chromosome evolution studies. Here we have made a set of chromosomal painting probes for the field vole (Microtus agrestis) by DOP-PCR amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes. Together with painting probes of golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and mouse (Mus musculus), the field vole probes have been hybridized onto the metaphases of the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus). A comparative chromosome map between these two voles, golden hamster and mouse has been established based on the results of cross-species chromosome painting and G-banding comparisons. The sets of paints from the field vole, golden hamster and mouse identified a total of 27, 40 and 47 homologous autosomal regions, respectively, in the genome of tundra vole; 16, 41 and 51 fusion/fission rearrangements differentiate the karyotype of the tundra vole from the karyotypes of the field vole, golden hamster and mouse, respectively.
Using cross-species chromosome painting, we have carried out a comprehensive comparison of the karyotypes of two Ellobius species with unusual sex determination systems: the Transcaucasian mole vole, Ellobius lutescens (2n = 17, X in both sexes), and the northern mole vole, Ellobius talpinus (2n = 54, XX in both sexes). Both Ellobius species have highly rearranged karyotypes. The chromosomal paints from the field vole (Microtus agrestis) detected, in total, 34 and 32 homologous autosomal regions in E. lutescens and E. talpinus karyotypes, respectively. No difference in hybridization pattern of the X paint (as well as Y paint) probes on male and female chromosomes was discovered. The set of golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) chromosomal painting probes revealed 44 and 43 homologous autosomal regions in E. lutescens and E. talpinus karyotypes, respectively. A comparative chromosome map was established based on the results of cross-species chromosome painting and a hypothetical ancestral Ellobius karyotype was reconstructed. A considerable number of rearrangements were detected; 31 and 7 fusion/fission rearrangements differentiated the karyotypes of E. lutescens and E. talpinus from the ancestral Ellobius karyotype. It seems that inversions have played a minor role in the genome evolution of these Ellobius species.
The article focuses on restoring impaired speech communication caused by stuttering by means of family group logopsychotherapy. The family group logopsychotherapy uses the methodology developed by U. B. Nekrasova and N. L. Karpova. Stuttering is understood as a complex psychophysiological condition manifested in the violations of tempo, rhythm and fluency of speech in a situation of meaningful communication and is based on complex psychophysiological disorders of brain activity. This entails comprehensive long-term work to achieve positive results in terms of speech communication and personal life. The article reports on the experience of organizing an online school "Correct Speech" for teenagers and adults. This format became relevant during the 2020 quarantine and turned out to be successful. Special attention is paid to the inclusion of all family members in logopsychotherapy at all the stages of the course. The article describes the techniques used to improve speech tempo and rhythm. It also focuses on online training with paradoxical breathing exercises developed by A. N. Strelnikova and A. S. Strelnikova. The article provides the description of neuro remediation classes and topics of psychotherapeutic conversations. The online course "Correct Speech" has a block-based structure. Each block provides group, individual as well as control and support classes. Besides, each block includes performances of all the course participants for an online audience of guests-graduates of speech therapy groups from different cities. The article analyzes how to support progress in speech therapy and prevent a possible relapse. A practice-oriented approach is combined with evidence-based principles, methodology, and mechanisms of social rehabilitation of stutterers. This article is based on follow-up materials from graduates of two online courses.
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