A total of 353 local food samples were cultured for Salmonella species using mannitol broth and two selective enrichment media, tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth and selenite cystine broth. Fifteen Salmonella species and serotypes were isolated: Salmonella paratyphi B. Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella 4,5,12:-:-. Salmonella muenchen, Salmonella senftenberg, Salmonella lille, Salmonella alachua, Salmonella 6,7:-:-. Salmonella anatum, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella havana, Salmonella eppendorf, Salmonella emek, Salmonella california, and Salmonella 1.3.19:-:-. Salmonella was recovered from 27% of food samples examined. The occurrence of some species was as high as 11% of the samples. S. lille and S. alachua were isolated and are reported for the first time in Iraq. Seventy food samples (19.8%) harbored one type of Salmonella. 11 (5.9%) harbored two types and four (1.1%) harbored three types. Isolation of Salmonella from foods is affected by types of enrichment media. Tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth was superior to selenite cystine for Salmonella recovery from most foods. Some species prefer certain enrichment media for growth and multiplication. Use of more than one type of selective medium increases the chance of isolation of more Salmonella species and serotypes.
Two hundred and twenty four hospitalized children in Baghdad aged between 1 month and 10 years were examined for Streptococcal infections. Thirty‐four percent of the throat and saliva specimens were positive for β‐hemolytic streptococci. Males were more susceptible to infection with group A streptococci than females. Streptococcus of group A was isolated from 39.5% of the positive cases while group G was 47.4%. The etiological significance of the latter group in tonsillitis and otitis media is to be further investigated. Ninety six percent of the isolated streptococci were T typable and 13.3% of the strains were M typable. A high frequency of type T‐11 was found in streptococcal infections. T type 3875 was found to be a new provisional type. All isolates were M untypable, and anti‐opacity factor negative except for two isolates of T type 4 which were positive in both typings.
Of 700 animal feed samples, 32 (4.5%) harbored Salmonella. The highest percentage of contamination was found in sheep feed and local protein. A total of 17 Salmonella serotypes were identified. The most frequent serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis, S. bornum, S. montevideo, and S. drypool. S. bornum was isolated for the first time in Iraq and from both local feed and its ingredients. The common somatic group found was that of Salmonella group C; then came groups E, G, B, and D. Three serotypes (S. enteritidis, S. california, and S. muenchen) seemed to form a link of infection among feed, food, patients, and carriers. The classical chain of infection with Salmonella is feed stuff-animals-food-humans. The Salmonella content of animal, marine, and vegetable products has aroused great interest in various countries, and major contributions in this field have been made in Norway,
The bacterium Legionella is ubiquitous genus, belongs to the family Legionellaceae, comprising 52 species. The most common species is Pneaumophila, causing a febrile and pneumonic illness, found primarily in aquatic habitat and thrive at warm temperature. It is capable of surviving extreme ranges of environment, surviving up to 14 months in water. Legionella is water bacterium isolated from air conditioning systems, cooling waters and humidifiers in offices and hospitals. It gets to human mostly through blowing air from air of water cooling systems or aspiration of contaminated drinking water fumes. Infection may have fatality rate of up to 50%. They have been isolated from waters and ducts of aircoolers in various location in Baghdad. Sample were placed in test tubes containing nutrient broth with 50% yeast extract and taken immediately to a diagnostic laboratory at Al-Nisour University College in Baghdad city. Subcultures from each tube were taken to inoculate each of nutrient agar plate with 5% yeast extract, blood agar plates, EMB plates, S-S agar plates gram staining was made. All plates were placed in a desiccator with a beaker of water and incubated at 35°C except BA for 3 days. Colonies were described and sub cultured for purity, then gram stained and reported modified gram stain was applied for Legionella cells, Legionella was diagnosed in 27 samples out of 114 (23.7%). Bacterial genera repeatedly isolated and diagnosed were: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Legionella, Agrobacter and Bacillus. The frequent isolate was Escherichia coli. Shelf life of Legionella in water was determined to control it by heat a temperature of 80°C destroyed the cells in 1 h. The heat tolerance of the cells was found to be 70°C but not 75°C. Persistence of Legionella in river water last up to 3 months. Cells were counted by the method of dilution to extinction. Legionella cell isolated have high resistance to antimicrobial agents, except to Amikacin, Nalidixic acid and Nitrofurantoin.
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