Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in the southern Great Plains of the U .S .A. are exposed to a wide range of moisture conditions due to large fluctuations in the amount and frequency of rainfall . Yield stability under those conditions is therefore a desirable trait for wheat breeders . Our primary objective was to quantify various genetic parameters for grain production in drought-stressed and irrigated environments . We also attempted to predict and measure yield responses when selection is practiced in either droughtstressed or irrigated environments, or both . Seventy F2-derived lines from the cross, TAM W-101/Sturdy, were evaluated at Goodwell, OK, under irrigated and naturally drought-stressed conditions in 1987 and 1988 . Genetic variance and heritability estimates were higher in the irrigated environment than in the drought-stressed environment . The genetic correlation coefficient for yields in the two environments was 0.20 ± 0 .16, indicating that selection of widely adapted genotypes requires testing in both environments . Based on the genetic variance/covariance structure of this particular population, the linear index which maximized the combined expected gain in both environments was 0 .66Y, + 0 .34Y2, in which Y, and Y2 are yields in the irrigated and drought-stressed environments . This index is not expected to apply across all populations ; rather, it further supports the hypothesis that testing in either environment alone (drought stressed or irrigated) may not be most effective for increasing either mean productivity or yield under drought stress.
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore how structural and economic issues of organising interfirm relationships influence a supply chain (SC) performance, by using the insight of organisational theories and institutional economics. Design/methodology/approach-The study is an exploratory field study in the Australian agri-food industries. Using a conceptual model and a set of semi-structured interview questions, data collection was done through in-depth interviews with eight agri-food firms from the agri-food SCs in Western Australia (WA). Findings-The findings demonstrated the requirement of higher coordination and integration from the downstream industries to include upstream producers as the integral part of the SC. Research limitations/implications-The study is based on eight in-depth interviews on cross-sectional food SCs in WA and generalises the result for the overall food industry in WA. Originality/value-The study provides valuable information to the existing literature on industrial management and has important value to the users of agri-food SCs. It provides empirical evidence of the factors of SC performance for agri-food producers, processors and retailers, other stakeholders and government agencies for their planning and benchmarking.
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is used as both a grain and forage crop in the southern Great Plains, but wheat breeding programs traditionally emphasize grain characteristics when evaluating experimental strains. Forage‐yield tests of large segregating populations are expensive and often unfeasible due to limited seed supply in early generations. Therefore, accurate visual prediction of forage yield potential from small plots would appeal to breeders. The objectives of this study were to measure the response to bidirectional visual selection for traits associated with forage yield based on a season‐long index, and to determine the correlated response in grain yield. Twelve lines were divergently selected (six lines in each direction) from each of three F4 populations in the field. Ratings were based on leaf size, tillering capacity, canopy height, and growth habit. A prostrate growth habit was interpreted as undesirable for forage yield potential. The 36 selections and their parents were tested in the F5 (1988‐1989) and F6 (1989‐1990) generations. The high‐selection group exceeded the low‐selection group for fall forage yield (measured prior to winter dormancy) in five of six population‐years. That trend was not observed for winter forage yield measured between dormancy and jointing. Visual selection for traits associated with forage yield did not produce a correlated change in grain yield. This study supports fall forage yield as a useful selection criterion in winter wheat breeding programs.
This research reviews all of the relevant important theories and concepts developed in corporate capital structure until till date in an aggregate manner. The empirical part of the study reveals that the leverage ratios defined in short-term debts, long-term debts, total debts and book value of assets are correlated. Similarly, the leverage ratios defined in short-term debts, long-term debts, total debts and market value of assets are correlated. However, book value based and market value based leverage ratios are not correlated. The leverage ratios defined in earnings before interest and taxes over interest and earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation over interest are positively perfectly correlated. Besides, short-term loans are three times more compare to long term debts, firms are reluctant in paying tax and allotment in research and development expenses are insufficient. In addition, industry median average, non-debts tax shield, uniqueness (R&D) positively significantly affects financial leverage and, and size, tangibility, tax rate, dividend pay-out, agency cost, business risk, GDP growth, and money growth negatively significantly affects financial leverage. The selling, general and administrative expenses positively affects short-term debts, negatively affects long-term debts and have no significant effects on total debts. Last but not least, human capital cost do not have affect on any kind of leverage.
A discriminant analysis is conducted in order to estimate a discriminant function to determine the expected status of the faculty post candidates in a private university in Bangladesh. The explanatory variables are age of the candidate, salary offered for the post, whether the candidate has foreign degree-dummy variable and result in masters' examination of the candidate in Bangladesh. Statistically significant differences are observed in the group means of the variables of the two groups: not stayed faculty & stayed faculty. The log determinants are found approximately equal in size for the groups while the Box's M value shows that the assumption of the equal co-variances is violated. However, the uni-variate normality tests are conducted and found the variables follow approximately normal distribution. Consequently, we proceeded to estimate the discriminant function. The estimated function is significant at 1 per cent level of significance and can explain 50 per cent of the variations in the group memberships. The structure matrix shows that the variables: result (0.526), f-degree (-0.489) and salary (0.408) are very important and the age (0.127) is the least important determinants of the expected status of the faculties. Finally, the prediction matrix of the holdout sample shows that 83 per cent of the cases are classified correctly.
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