This large UK follow-up study does not support a clinically significant association between the use of DA for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and cardiac valvulopathy.

Background and Objective:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic incompletely reversible poor airflow and air trapping and usually this debilitating disorder limits the outside activities of the patients depriving them of sunlight which is a rich source of Vitamin D. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation in reducing number of acute exacerbation in COPD patients.Methods:This randomized control trial was conducted at East Medical Ward Mayo Hospital Lahore from January to December 2015 as exacerbations of COPD are season dependent. Diagnosis was confirmed by performing Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs). Basic demographical information was obtained and baseline PFTs of the patient was done. Only Group A patients was treated with oral vitamin D intake of 2000 IU daily for 6 months. Vitamin D level was measured at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months and exacerbation of COPD, FEV1 and FVC was measured weekly. Both the groups were given standard treatment for exacerbation of COPD. Spirometry was repeated at each visit. Blood samples were collected every 2 months for vitamin D. Supplementation was stopped if vitamin D level exceeded 100ng/ml.Results:The mean age of the patients was 46.28±8.83 years, the male to female ratio was 1.8:1. The mean 25(OH) level at baseline was 24.08±2.58 and at 6th month was 29.60±8.74. The mean FVC at baseline was 77.83±5.49 and at 6th month was 91.34±5.52. The exacerbation at baseline was present in all 120(100%) patients and at 6th month was reduced to 4(3.3%).Conclusion:Vitamin D supplementation has significant effect in reducing number of acute exacerbation in COPD patients when it is given for prolonged period.

Objective:To determine the efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation in achieving an early sputum conversion in vitamin D deficient smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Methods:This randomized clinical trial was done at Mayo hospital Lahore from November 2015 to August 2016. One hundred twenty patients with sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis were selected and randomized to Group-A (taking anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) only) and Group-B (taking ATT with Vitamin D supplementation). Four doses of100,000 IU of Vitamin D injection intramuscularly were given after every 14 days during intensive-phase. Sputum examination was repeated at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks. Efficacy of treatment in terms of early sputum conversion between both groups was tested using Chi square and independent sample t-test was applied to compare mean values of serum vitamin D before and after treatment. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant.Results:The mean age of patients was 37.18±6.81 years in Group-A and 39.02±7.56 years in Group-B. There were 63 (52.50%) males and 57 (47.50%) females. The mean serum Vitamin D was 17.07±1.44 in Group-A and 17.23±2.37 in Group-B at baseline and at 12th week, the levels were 21.77±2.23 in Group-A and 29.24±0.72 in Group-B. In Group-A, 7 (11.7%) patients showed positive sputum examination and in Group-B, only one (1.7%) patient had positive sputum examination at 12th week. The difference was statistically significant (p-value= 0.028).Conclusion:Four doses of intramuscular vitamin D given after every 14 days corrected vitamin D deficiency and improved the rate of sputum smear conversion in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective:To measure the correlation between microalbuminuria and serum uric acid level in Type-2 diabetic nephropathy.Methods:This cross-sectional study was done in department of Medicine, Mayo hospital Lahore from August 2014 to February 2015. A total of 200 patients with Type-2 diabetic nephropathy were enrolled in the study. Demographic data and contact details were obtained. Serum Uric acid and microalbuminuria by albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in random urine sample was measured at the time of inclusion of patients. All the information was collected through a pre-defined proforma. Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were used to assess correlation and significance respectively.Results:Out of 200 cases, 29%(n=58) were between 16-40 years of age while 71%(n=142) were between 41-65 years of age, Mean ± SD was calculated as 48.1±10.26 years, 48.5%(n=97) were male and 51.5%(n=103) were females, Mean serum uric acid level was calculated as 6.99±1.01 mg/dL while microalbuminuria was calculated as 5.63±1.08 mg/mmol, r value was 0.0838 which is a positive correlation.Conclusion:The results of our study concluded that level of serum uric acid and microalbuminuria are significantly correlated to nephropathy in patients having Type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: The incidence and prevalence of prostate cancer is increasing in Pakistan in recent years. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the whole world. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using a questionnaire having questions related to symptoms and treatment options of Prostate cancer. A total of 352 healthy males aged 18 years and above were included in the study. Questionnaire was handed over to 102 healthy male attendants of patients presenting to outpatient department, Mayo hospital Lahore. A soft copy was also formatted using google forms and emailed to around 250 men of different age groups studying or working at various public and private sector nonmedical colleges and universities of Lahore. Descriptive statistics including mean, percentages and standard deviation was used to conclude results. Results: Out of 352 participants, more than half (55.7%) of the participants had heard of the prostate cancer while the others did not. Only 12.8% participants knew about the early symptoms of prostate cancer. More than a quarter participants (29.5%) were not sure about the treatment options of prostate cancer. Conclusion: The overall knowledge and awareness among general public about prostate cancer was poor. There is an urgent need to introduce a public sector awareness campaign for Prostate cancer in Pakistan.