Introduction: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder in childbearing age. Based on different definitions, it is accompanied with specific annoying symptoms that clearly emerge after ovulation and decrease or end with the onset of menstruation. Methods: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in university students of Sistan and Baluchestan University (Iran) in the academic year 2013-2014. Two hundred and one female university students living in dormitories were randomly selected. The subjects completed two questionnaires of Demographic Information and Symptom Assessment based on the criteria of ACOG and DSM-IV. Results: According to the mentioned criteria, "36.3%" of subjects suffered from Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) and "85.6%" of subjects indicated the symptoms of PMS. The severity of PMS in 14(%7) subjects was high. Of 86 and 72 subjects "42.8%" and "35.8%" was moderate respectively, it was mild. Among university students, the most common mood symptom (emotional) and somatic symptom (physical) were fatigue and lethargy and abdominal pain ("72.6%" and "62.7%", respectively). PMS was significantly related to dysmenorrhea and severity of menstrual pain (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of this syndrome and its effect on various aspects of life, we highly recommend informing young individuals through books, workshops and media in order to identify the symptoms, provide information about methods of control and treatment of this syndrome, and apply non-interventional treatments and methods to reduce the symptoms.
BackgroundVesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common childhood disorder that is characterized by the abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into the ureters or kidneys.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether the genetic polymorphisms of the IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α genes are involved in the development of VUR.Patients and MethodsThe tetra amplification mutation refractory system-polymerase chain reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) was applied to analyze the four polymorphic sites of the IL-10AG-1082, IL-10CA597, IL-12CA1188, and TNF308GA genes in 124 VUR children and 110 healthy controls.ResultsA significant, highly increased risk of VUR disease was found for the CA, AA, and combined genotypes of IL-10CA597 (OR = 5.2, 95% CL: 1.80 - 18.25; P = 0.0006, OR = 9.1, 95% CL: 1.11 - 122.75; P = 0.02, OR = 5.3, 95% CL: 1.82 - 18.61; P = 0.00052, respectively); the AG, GG, and AG + GG genotypes of IL-10AG-1082 (OR = 12.8, 95% CL; 2.9 - 113.9; P = 0.00003, OR = 12.62, 95% CL: 2.93 - 114.53; P = 0.00003, respectively); and the AA genotype of IL-12 (AA, OR = 0.19, 95% CL: 0.5 - 0.55; P = 0.0006). The frequency of the C allele in both IL-10CA and IL-12CA was greater in patients with VUR than in the healthy controls. No association was found between TNF308GA and the risk of VUR.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated significant associations between the IL-10 (AG-1089, IL-10CA) and IL-12 (AA) gene polymorphisms and a highly increased risk of VUR.
Background: Morpholine is a toxic substance used in industry and agriculture and can be absorbed into the body through ingestion, inhalation, and the skin. The present study aimed to assess the effect of morpholine and physiological serum ingestion on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of white blood cells and kidney tissue of white male mice. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 40 adult NMRI male Albino mice were placed in 4 groups; control group, physiological serum (sham) group, treatment group A [fed with 300 mg/kg of 1 ml of the prepared solution (0.009 ml morpholine + 0.091 ml of distilled water) per day for 15 days], and group B (the same volume of morpholine and physiological serum). After weighing, anesthesia, and blood sampling, all considered parameters were measured using MOTIC software. In addition, macroscopic and microscopic studies were conducted on prepared slides and obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In group A, reduced thickness of the outer cortex of the kidney (proximal convoluted tubule), increased thickness of the inner cortex (Malpighian body's, distal convoluted tubule), and reduced external medulla (Henle's loop) were significant compared to the control group and sham group. However, no significant difference was found among the groups with regard to the internal medulla (collecting pipes). Moreover, the kidney gained weight compared to the whole body. Changes in white blood cells in group A were significant compared to group B. Conclusions: Stress morpholine causes changes in blood parameters, increased filtration, decreased reabsorption and absorption, weight loss, inflammation, hyperemia, urinary tract reconstruction and resulted polyuria. However, these impacts reduced via physiological serum.
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