It is necessary that nursing managers inform nurses about protocols for reporting all such cases in order to collect information, and based on a clear procedure, actively pursue reported cases and take the necessary measures to prevent violence against nurses.

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Background & objectives: Governments and health related professionals have approved the importance of social determinants in many countries. Oral hygiene is one of the most important subjects which is attracted the attention of the individuals, families, government and health organization and policy makers. Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) indicator is one of the most epidemiologic indexes in dentistry indicating the situation of oral and dental health among people of a community. The present study was conducted to evaluate association between the dmft index and oral hygiene situation and related healthcare behaviors among Iranian students studying science in Meshgin city. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 303 students in Meshgin city were randomly selected. Research instrument was self-administered questionnaire to collect information about demography, filled-decayed-missed tooth, quality and quantity of health behaviors, diet, smoking and using alcoholic beverage, irregular attendance to dentist. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: the DMFT mean among student of Meshgin city was measured 3.87±3.40, which was different between boys and girls; 3.51±3.31 and 4.13±3.45 in boys and girls respectively but not significant. This index was lower than that reported by WHO. Approximately 60 percent of students were brushing their tooth daily. There was also a significant association between DMFT and quantity of brushing and last dentist visit (p<0.05). Conclusion: By considering WHO goal until 2015 (DMFT<1), dentistry services and prevention program need to be considered seriously. Regular brushing and general coverage of insurance for basic dental services can have a positive impact on DMFT in the community.

Background and Aim: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial problem caused by many reasons. There is still controversy about the effect of different types of occlusal disorder on TMD. This study was designed to determine the effects of centric and assisted and unassisted non-working interferences on TMD. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 dental students, including 64 males and 36 females with the age range of 18 to 24 years old, were examined. Subjects with a history of systemic or muscular diseases and orthodontic treatment were excluded. TMD signs and symptoms including maximum mandibular opening limitation, maximum lateral movement limitation, maximum protrusion limitation, deviation and deflection, joint pain and tenderness, joint sounds, and masticatory muscle tenderness were examined. Subjects were also examined for having centric interferences and eccentric interferences including assisted and unassisted non-working interferences. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and independent-sample T-test. Result: Subjects with centric interference had a significantly higher number of clicks (P=0.02), medial pterygoid tenderness (P=0.009), and right medial pterygoid tenderness (P=0.007). We could also find a significantly higher number of clicking in subjects with assisted non-working interference (P=0.002). Conclusion:The findings of the present study suggest that different types of occlusal interference, specially centric and assisted non-working interferences, can lead to TMD signs and symptoms.

Background: Today, the medical world faces an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases. Medication adherence is an essential component of the effective treatment of such diseases and failure to it, especially in the elderly, has a negative impact on health. Objectives: The current study aimed at determining the level of medication adherence in the elderly with chronic diseases referring to academic medical centers in Ardabil, Iran. Methods: In the current cross sectional study, 222 elderly patients with chronic diseases (i e, musculoskeletal, diabetes, cardiovascular and renal conditions) referring to the clinics of Imam Khomeini, Fatemi, and Alavi hospitals in Ardabil in 2018 were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and the Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis with SPSS version 16. Results:The mean age of the elderly was 68.25 ± 7.65 years; 187 (84%) subjects had unsatisfactory medication adherence (score < 6) and only 35 (16%) had a good medication adherence (score > 6). The probability of satisfactory adherence to medication was higher in the elderly with higher level of education, but other variables such as age, gender, occupational status, income level, network of life, place of residence, marital status, and type of chronic disease had no significant effect on medication adherence. Conclusions: The high level of medication non-adherence in the elderly with chronic diseases is a matter of concern and it seems necessary to perform studies on the barriers to medication adherence in the elderly and solve them.

Background & objectives: Hand Hygiene by health care providers is a key factor in patients' health. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of nurses working in Valiasr Hospital in Meshginshahr regarding hand hygiene in 2018. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 nurses working in all wards of Valiasr hospital in Meshginshahr in 2018 were selected by census method. Nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire about hand hygiene was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 and Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. In all cases of statistical analysis, p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results:The mean age of the nurses was 32.9 years. The mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses regarding hand hygiene were 9.5±1.5, 3.6±0.36, and 4.5±0.41, respectively. This study showed that the most unfavorable score of knowledge (29%) was related to the phrase "hand hygiene is not necessary after office works". The most unfavorable attitude score (30%) related to "I think the lack of an acceptable soap product can be one of the reasons not wash your hand" and the most unfavorable performance score (57%) was related to "Washing hands after touching healthy skin". Conclusion:According to the present study, nurses have a good knowledge, attitude and practice about hand hygiene. But there is still a gap with ideal situation, which due to the undeniable importance of hand hygiene in improving the quality of patient care; interventions should be made in this regard.

BackgroundThe rapid change in the situation of health care centers following the sudden onset of the Covid-19 pandemic led to working challenges, role changes, and the transfer of staff to a new and unfamiliar workplace. The aim of this study was to develop policy options to adapt health care providers to the new situation in the workplace during the Covid-19 pandemic as health system planners and policymakers prepare and implement an intervention action plan with more confidence in choosing the best and most effective strategies.MethodsTo identify the problem or issue and developing a policy document, first a comprehensive review of literature was carried out using national and international databases. The keywords used were "Health care provider", "Employees adaptation", "Professional adaptation", "Managing roles", "Covid-19", "SARS-Cov-‎‎2", and "Critical Care". The views of health care providers in the Covid-19 pandemic, personal observations and experiences were also used. Finally, in order to categorize the interventions and present policy options, seven national health system experts were consulted to comment on policy options until the interventions were substantiated and a policy document was developed and presented.ResultsAccording to the criteria of effectiveness, feasibility, appropriateness, sustainability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness compared to policy options, 31 interventions were found. After consulting experts to categorize the interventions and strategies, based on the defined criteria including appropriate to the target population, culturally and ethically acceptable, acceptable to the officials and stakeholders and context compatibility, three policy options were considered for implementation. These three policy options include; creating an activation system of flexible and efficient employees with adjustment of personnel roles, adequate training of health care personnel about working conditions with Covid-19 patients, and creating a supportive and motivational work environment.ConclusionsThe developed policy options in our study, while highlighting the potential benefits and challenges of each option, provide key policy directions for adapting healthcare providers to the new workplace situation during the Covid-19 pandemic and other future crises. None of the policy options are considered alone, but using options together will be effective.