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Nowadays, the puplic health faces a major proplem of increased pesticides use with appearing of various side effects. One of the most commonly used is diazinon. It exerts its effects on variable tissues and cells including hepatocytes. This work aimed to study the tendency of diazinon to cause hepatic affection in rats and study the possible propolis protective role. We used 30 rats, divided into 4 groups; group Ia (-ve control); group Ib (+ve control, corn oil group); group II (propolis group; 400mg /kg/day orally); group III (diazinon 20 mg/kg/day orally); group IV (diazinon 20mg/kg/day + propolis 400mg /kg/day orally) for 8 weeks. We studied biochemical parameters: serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST), tissue oxidative stress markers (hepatic MDA, hepatic catalase and hepatic GPx activities). Liver will be examined by light microscope to evaluate histopathological changes and immunohistochemical reaction to caspase 3 to predict apoptosis. Results indicated: Significant increase in the serum levels of the ALT and AST as well as hepatic MDA of diazinon treated rats compared to control group, whereas both hepatic catalase and GPx activities were significantly decreased these results had significantly improved in both propolis and diazinon group. Light microscopic examination revealed disruption in hepatic histoarchitecture in diazinon group unlike that in group III which returned near normal; while immunohistochemical staining showed many positive reacted cells to active caspase 3 in diazinon group which became few in group III near to control. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that diazinon may have hepatotoxic effects which can be protected by co-administration of propolis in adult rats. Further studies about diazinon effect on liver and about propolis role in hepatoprotection are recommended.

Cyclophosphamide, a cytotoxic alkylating agent, is an extensively used antineoplastic agent. Cardiotoxicity is considered as one of the limiting side effects of its use, which is attributed to oxidative stress. Zingiber officinale is powerful antioxidants against free radicals and oxidative attacks. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effects of Z. officinale against cyclophosphamide induced cardio-toxicity in adult male albino rats. We used 30 adult male albino rats, divided into five groups; Group Ia (-ve control), Group Ib (+ve control), Group II (Z. officinale treated group; 200 mg/kg/day orally), Group III (cyclophosphamide treated group; single dose of 150 mg/kg I.P.), and Group IV (cyclophosphamide and Z. officinale treated group; rats received Z. officinale as before followed by single dose of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg)). At the end of experiment, we studied biochemical parameters: oxidative markers (MDA, GSH and Catalase), and Troponin i. The heart tissue was examined by light and electron microscope to evaluate histo-pathological changes and immunehistochemical technique for localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. The result showed increase in troponin I and disturbance of oxidative markers in cyclophosphamide treated group compared to control groups. Whereas these results had significantly improved in cyclophosphamide and Z. officinale treated group. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed disruption in the heart tissue histo-architecture in cyclophosphamide group with strong positive cytoplasmic iNOS immunoreaction in numerous cardiomyocytes by histochemical examination unlike that in cyclophosphamide and Z. officinale treated group which returned near normal. In conclusion, cyclophosphamide has a cardiotoxic effect which can be prevented by Z. officinale supplementation. Further studies about cyclophosphamide toxic effect on the heart and about Z. officinale role in protection are recommended.

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX), is one of the most widely-used chemotherapeutic drugs. Despite its broad therapeutic efficacy, clinical studies have reported that, the major limiting factor of DOX chemotherapy is its significant cardiotoxic effects, which often results in irreversible degenerative cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Lycopene and saffron are powerful antioxidants against free radicals and oxidative attacks. Aim of the work: the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the protective effects of tomato Lycopene (LYC) and saffron against DOX induced cardiotoxicity in adult male rats. Material and methods: the study was conducted on 48 adult male albino rats, divided into six groups; group I served as (Control group), group II (Lycopene treated group), group III (Saffron treated group), group IV (Doxorubicin treated group), groupV (Doxorubicin and Lycopene treated group), groupVI (Doxorubicin and saffron treated group). At the end of experiment, all rats were sacrificed and their blood and heart tissues were subjected to biochemical analysis, while the remaining heart tissues were stained for histopathological study. Results: Doxorubicin co-administration with either tomato LYC or saffron showed significant improvements of all studied parameters with the superiority of LYC as regards cardiac enzyme parameters and cardiac troponin. Recommendations: Human trials should be carried out to establish the potential protective effects of lycopene and saffron. Future experiments are required to evaluate the possible protective molecular mechanisms of lycopene and saffron against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity

Deltamethrin is a widely used type 2 pyrethroid insecticide in home and agriculture because of its high insecticidal activity, environmental stability and relatively low acute toxicity. It was found that deltamethrin alters the immune response signaling pathways, but the mechanism is still under study. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the propensity of deltamethrin to cause immunotoxicity in rats. Random division of rats into three equal groups was done, Group (I): (negative control group): allowed dirking water ad libitum; Group II (positive control group): administered orally with 1mL corn oil /rat/day for 14 weeks: and Group III (deltamethrin treated group): Each rat was given deltamethrin (5mg/kg body weight/ day) dissolved in corn oil for 14 weeks. At the end of the study, blood samples and spleen tissues were collected for estimating malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as immuno-histochmistry examination. Results indicated significant increase in blood and splenic tissue malondialdehyde and significant decrease in blood and splenic tissue glutathione peroxidase activity in deltamethrin group when compared with those of negative or positive control groups. Light microscopic examination revealed disruption in splenic histoarchitecture while immunohistochemical staining showed many positive reacted cells to active caspase 3 in deltamethrin group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that deltamethrin may have immuntoxic effects on spleen of adult rats.

Background: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a major cause of suicidal poisoning in Egypt, with a high mortality rate owing to cardiac toxicity. Aim of the work: To explore the value of PGI score [stands for blood pH, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and Impaired systolic blood pressure (SBP)] as a predictor of cardiotoxicity and mortality in acute ALP-poisoned patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on acute ALP-poisoned patients presented to Zagazig University Hospital from October 2021 to March 2022. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were assessed at presentation by PGI score. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was done immediately and repeated as needed. On admission, serum troponin T and creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) levels were measured. According to the outcome, patients were categorized into survivors and non-survivors. Results: 73 patients were classified based on the PGI score as follow; 4 patients had score 0, 6 patients had score 1, 27 patients had score 2, and 36 patients had score 3. PGI score 3-patients displayed the highest mortality incidence contrary to those with score 0 (100% VS 25%). All PGI 3-patients ingested one tablet or more of ALP, exhibited ECG changes, and required vasopressors and mechanical ventilation, unlike to score 0 and 1-patients. Troponin T levels significantly elevated in the non-survivors, while CPK-MB levels showed no significant difference among the two groups. The PGI score negatively correlated with the survivability, while positively correlated with ALP ingested amount, ECG changes, serum troponin T levels, vasopressors need, and ventilation requirement. In ALP-poisoned patients, the best cutoff point of PGI score for cardiotoxicity prediction was ≥1, with 93.9% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Meanwhile, the best cutoff point of PGI score for mortality prediction was ≥2, with 95.4% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity. Conclusion: The PGI score is a recommended predictor of cardiotoxicity and mortality in ALP-poisoned patients.

All rights reserved Introduction isplatin(cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum II) (CP) has been considered one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents, used for treatment of a variety of human solid tumors. Activity has been proved against a variety of tumors, particularly of head and neck, esophageal, ovarian, testicular, bladder and lung cancers (Baek et al.,2003). Such effective anticancer activity is associated with numerous toxicities at therapeutic doses as ototoxicity, gastrotoxicity, myelosuppressionand allergic reactions, but the main dose-limiting toxicity is nephrotoxicity (Hartmann and Lipp,2003; Milleret al., 2010). About 25% to 35% of patients develop evidence of nephrotoxicity following a single dose of cisplatin (Lee et al., 2009). The exact mechanism of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin remains incompletely understood (Pabla and Dong, 2008). The pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced renal toxicityi ncluds four major mechanisms: (1) proximal tubular injury, (2) oxidative stress, (3) inflammation, (4) vascular injury. Proximal tubular injury involves several different mechanisms like mitochondrial dysfunction (Sugiyama et al.,1989),DNA damage (Leibbrandt et al., 1995),dysregulation of cell-cycle proteins (Megyesi et al., 1998),activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (

Background: The central nervous system is one of the most important systems affected by formaldehyde (FA). Aim of Work: This study was designed to assess its toxic neuropsychiatric effects both clinically and experimentally and the protective effects of garlic. Methods: Clinically: 20 workers in the gross anatomy laboratory and 20 libertarians underwent a standardized clinical assessment including medical, neurological and psychiatric examination. Experimental: 40 male rats were divided randomly into four groups. Group I is control group. Group II received 10 mg/kg of FA intraperitoneally once daily for 14 days. Group III was treated with fresh garlic juice (1 ml/100g body weight) once daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Groups VI received fresh garlic juice plus formaldehyde daily for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats' brains were obtained for histological examination and biochemical analysis. Results: Clinical and psychiatric profile of FA exposed persons' revealed cognitive impaired, anxious and depressed persons. There were hostile persons with more hostility toward outside. Experimentally, hippocampal and frontal superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione showed highly significant decrease while malondialdehyde and nitric oxide level showed highly significant increase in formaldehyde treated group when compared with control group. Also histopathological changes in the hippocampal and frontal cortices by light microscope revealed many distorted cells with deeply stained shrunked nuclei and cytoplasm was surrounded by vacuolated pale areas in FA exposed group. Minimization of biochemical and histopathological changes were observed in combined formaldehyde and garlic treated group. Conclusion: The profiles of personality arouse dangerous affairs about the toxic impact of FA on persons, family, and society. Formaldehyde-induced neuronal damage, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in brain were minimized by addition of garlic.