This paper describes the development and standardization of a measure of perceived attachment styles. The four attachment styles namely secure, avoidant insecure, ambivalent insecure, and disorganized insecure attachment proposed by Mary Ainsworth (1970), Main and Soloman 1986 (Disorganized- insecure attachment). The items are constructed on socio-cultural and educational circumstances of the individuals using mix strategy for construction of the scale by selecting the items from various attachment scales and by writing some original items. Hence the tool will be largely suitable for measuring the attachment styles among the adults and adolescents in India. The tool has good construct validity and reliability.
Invasion, terrorist attacks, drone strikes, insurgency and counterinsurgency, civil strife, and foreign intervention have already spread around the world, but war is now spreading and intensifying in a new form waged across digital networks: cyberwar. This war is fought through the use of computers and the internet. Today, the central part of organizational activities has been converted to digital format. Cybercriminals are continually developing new attack types, tools, and strategies that enable them to access settings that are more complicated or well-controlled, do more harm, and even remain undiscovered. This chapter discusses the history of cyber war, its emergence, and the different forms of cyberattacks and various repercussions of cybercrime, including its influence on the health of organizations, the psychological and social threats it poses to workers, and other outcomes. Cybercrime is defined and exposed by specialist literature.
Religious traditions tend to promote prosocial behaviours among their followers. All major religions emphasise moral behaviour and explicitly teach prosociality as a virtue. Previous studies have shown support for the relationship between religion and volunteerism, helping others and youth's positive social behaviour. The present study aimed to explore the effect of gender, levels of religiosity and their interaction on the prosocial behaviour of a sample of youth. The sample comprised 90 (45 male, 45 female) youths chosen from a city. Adults' Prosocialness Scale (Capara et al., 2005), Religious Commitment Inventory (Worthington et al., 2003), and Islamic Religiosity Attitude (Marva, 2010) were administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results revealed a statistically significant main effect for different levels of religiosity on prosocial behaviour. In contrast, the main effect of gender and interaction of gender and levels of religiosity on prosocial behaviour was not found significant. Findings underline the importance of religiosity in enhancing prosocial behaviour and positive psychosocial development of individuals, especially youth.
The study was conducted in order to standardise the smart-phone addiction scale on Indian population. The work was conducted on N = 258 undergraduate students to examine the psychometric properties i.e., reliability and validity of the scale for measuring smart-phone addiction among generation Z. Cronbach’s alpha of the scale was computed and was found to be 0.89 and the construct validity was obtained highly satisfying. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out and four (4) factors emerged in the analysis. In summing up, all factors explained 60.594% of the total variance which confirms the good construct validity. Further. Inter-factorial correlations among sub dimensions of smart-phone addiction were found highly significant. It can be concluded that the present work state good reliability and validity of smart-phone addiction scale. After required statistical analysis the scale is found to be highly standardised.
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