Despite the different treatment options for irreparable and massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs), there is no optimal treatment. Thirty percent of total RCTs can be classified as irreparable because of the massive tear size and severe muscle atrophy. The reported treatment failure rate is approximately 40% for massive RCTs. RCTs may be treated conservatively or surgically depending on pain, disability, and functional demands. The surgical treatment options are many, but decision making is a challenge; the real challenge is to apply the correct procedure for the correct indication in each patient. The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) was used for augmentation to bridge the gap in immobile, massive RCTs. An arthroscopic biceps-incorporating technique was used for repair of large and massive RCTs, avoiding undue tension on the rotator cuff (RC). Recently, the LHBT was used for superior capsular reconstruction. This article describes the use of the LHBT for reconstruction of massive and irreparable RCTs through the following steps: (1) open exposure of the RCT, (2) debridement and subacromial decompression, (3) biceps tenotomy at the LHBT's origin on the glenoid, (4) LHBT and RC cuff mobilization, (5) passage of the LHBT through the mobilized RC and reflection onto itself, (6) tuberoplasty, and (7) fixation of the RC complex at the RC footprint.
Combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries are the most common type of combined ligamentous injury of the knee. The optimal treatment for these combined injuries is controversial. Combined ACL and MCL–posterior oblique ligament (POL) reconstruction avoids late anteromedial rotatory instability and chronic valgus instability of the knee and decreases the increased stress on the ACL graft. Graft choice (hamstring tendon autograft, quadriceps bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft, or Achilles tendon allograft) and anatomic restoration of the medial and posteromedial corner of the knee are challenges of this combined reconstruction. This article describes a technique that allows combined ACL and MCL-POL reconstruction. The hamstring tendons from the contralateral limb are tripled and used as the ACL graft. The gracilis tendon from the ipsilateral limb is doubled and used as the MCL-POL graft. The semitendinosus tendon of the ipsilateral limb is preserved. After ACL reconstruction, the MCL-POL graft is suspended on the ACL graft at the distal end of the tibial tunnel and the graft limbs are used for open reconstruction of the MCL and POL. Three interference screws (Arthrex, Naples, FL) and 1 metal staple are used for graft fixation of this combined reconstruction.
Conventional single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction cannot improve the rotational stability of the knee. Traditional double-bundle ACL reconstruction requires is demanding, complex, time- and implant consuming, and associated with a high incidence of complications. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction using a free quadriceps tendon autograft through 3 independent tunnels provides some advantage, but the antegrade graft passage, tibial tunnel confluence, and graft site morbidity represent disadvantages. This Technical Note describes a modification of double-bundle ACL reconstruction using the hamstring tendon autograft through a single branched tibial tunnel and a single femoral tunnel using 2 interference screws (Arthrex, Naples, FL). The gracilis tendon autograft is passed through tibial tunnel stem to the posterolateral tibial tunnel branch to the posterolateral position in the femoral tunnel. The semitendinosus tendon autograft is passed through the tibial tunnel stem to the anteromedial tibial tunnel branch to the anteromedial position in the femoral tunnel. Both grafts are fixed by 2 interference screws: 1 at the femoral tunnel and 1 at the tibial tunnel stem with the knee at 20° flexion.
Propose: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is associated with a significant risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Different thromboprophylaxis strategies have been used to prevent VTE. The primary aim of this study was to report the incidence of VTE and compare the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban to enoxaparin. The secondary outcome was to report the incidence of silent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) using computed tomography venography. Methods: One hundred sixty patients who underwent THA were enrolled in a prospective study. Patients were randomized into two groups as follows: those who received rivaroxaban 10 mg oral daily (group RXE) and those who received enoxaparin 40 IU/day subcutaneously for 14 days (group ENO). Results: Both groups were matched for age, sex, comorbidities, special habits and preoperative laboratory investigations. The overall incidence of DVT was 5% ( n = 8), which included four patients clinically diagnosed as having DVT and four with silent DVT. All the DVT cases occurred in veins below the knee and in the group RXE; none of the cases occurred in group ENO ( p = 0.04). The incidence of DVT was significantly higher in patients with high body mass indexes ( p < 0.001), older age ( p = 0.024) and medical comorbidities ( p = 0.14). No mortality, pulmonary embolism, stroke, wound infection or major bleeding occurred in either group. Conclusions: Among the patients who underwent hip arthroplasty, rivaroxaban prophylaxis was found to be associated with lower efficacy and similar safety outcomes as compared with enoxaparin anticoagulants.
An untreated posterolateral corner (PLC) injury in patients with a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) may be a leading cause of ACL reconstruction failure. Combined ACL and PLC reconstruction is discussed in few studies in the literature. Femoral tunnel intersection in combined reconstruction has been reported to be high. Short grafts may render combined reconstruction undoable. This Technical Note describes a technique that allows a combined ACL and PLC reconstruction. The ACL graft is a 4-stranded hamstring tendon graft from 1 limb. The PLC graft is a doubled semitendinosus tendon graft from the contralateral side. One femoral tunnel is used connecting the femoral attachment of the PLC on the lateral wall of the lateral femoral condyle to the anatomic femoral ACL footprint on the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle. The PLC graft is suspended on the ACL graft to be anchored on the cortex of the lateral femoral condyle with added fixation by an interference screw (Arthrex, Naples, FL). The PLC graft limbs are used for open reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament. This Technical Note describes a technique of combined ACL and PLC reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts through a single femoral tunnel using graft-to-graft suspension and fixation.
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