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Drawing is a useful measure of children's emotional status in dental settings in a way that is easier, familiar and more enjoyable for the child patient.

Objectives: Pulpotomy of primary incisors is a serious challenge due to the lack of a distinct boundary between the coronal and the radicular pulp and the inaccuracy of the clinical indication criteria. The aim of the present study is the clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpotomy versus root canal therapy(RCT) of vital primary incisors. Study design: A total of 100 incisors in 50 patients (female: 27, male: 23)aged 3-4 years were allocated to formocresol pulpotomy (45 teeth) and RCT (46 teeth) using zinc oxideeugenol. The radiographic and clinical evaluation of treatment outcomes was performed at 12 and 24 months post-operatively. A history of spontaneous pain, missing restorations, recurrent caries, mobility and percussion sensitivity, parulis or fistula, erythema, and swelling were recorded. Data analysis was performed based on two sample proportional test. Results: The clinical success rate was 86.9% for pulpotomy and 95.6% for RCT (P>0.05). The radiographic assessment exhibited no pathologic signs in 76.08% of pulpotomy group and 91.3% of RCT group and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The most common pathologic finding was periodontal widening followed by external/internal root resorption. Periapical radiolucency and fistula in pulpotomized teeth was significantly higher than in RCT-treated teeth(P<0.05) Conclusions: It may be concluded that the root canal therapy of vital primary incisors may be efficiently substituted for the pulpotomy of these teeth.

Aim:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cooling the soft tissue of injection sites on the pain perceptions of pediatric patients during the administration of local anesthesia for routine dental procedures. Methods and Materials:A total of 160 children aged 5-6 years were included in the present study. On a random basis, the subjects were allocated to the without ice pretreatment (WIP) group (topical anesthesia + counterstimulation + distraction) or the ice pretreatment (IP) group (cooling + topical anesthesia + counterstimulation + distraction). During the administration of an inferior alveolar nerve block, the children's behavior was assessed using the sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale. The statistical analysis of data was performed based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: There were no significant differences within the groups between the values of the sound, eye, and motor components for either the WIP or the IP groups (P>0.05). All three components of the SEM in the IP group were consistently lower than the WIP group (P<0.05). Moreover, the SEM value for the WIP group surpassed the IP group (P<0.05). Conclusions:Cooling the site of infiltration block prior to the injection of local anesthesia significantly reduced the pain perceived during injection of local anesthetic agent in pediatric patients. Abstract © Seer Publishing

The aim of the present study was to provide a general scheme for pulpectomy of primary molars that may be useful for decision-making about negotiation of root canals and selection of appropriate instruments. A total of 160 vital primary molars in 85 patients (40 males, 45 females) aged 4-6 years were selected. After taking primary radiographs, local anesthesia was induced, and the teeth were isolated using a rubber dam. Canal accessibility index (CAI) and tooth accessibility index (TAI) were calculated according to initial file size. Mandibular first molars had either three canals (79.2%) or four canals (20.8%), and all second molars had four canals. Maxillary first molars had three canals and second molars had either three canals (70.9%) or four canals (29.1%). Lower accessibility of the mandibular first molar distobuccal root accounted for the lower accessibility of these teeth in comparison with mandibular second molars. While three-canal maxillary second molars were more accessible due to the lower accessibility of the distobuccal canal of the maxillary first molar, poor accessibility of the distal canal in four-canal second molars was responsible for the difficult accessibility of these teeth. In conclusion, it seems that the accessibility of a single canal in each tooth determines the difficulty of accessibility for any given tooth. Moreover, while primary second molars are more accessible than first molars, all of them are negotiable.

Radiographic and clinical outcomes in 3Mixtatin group could suggest it as an acceptable alternative in DPC of primary molar teeth.

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Objective. The present study investigated the correlations between maternal emotional intelligence (EQ), parenting style, child trait anxiety and child behavior in the dental setting. Study design. One-hundred seventeen children, aged 4-6 years old (mean 5.24 years), and their mothers participated in the study. The BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory and Bumrind�s parenting style questionnaire were used to quantify maternal emotional intelligence and parenting style. Children�s anxiety and behavior was evaluated using the Spence Children�s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and Frankl behavior scale. Results. Significant correlation was found between maternal EQ and child behavior (r=0.330; p<0.01); but not between parenting style and child behavior. There was no significant correlation between mother�s total EQ and child�s total anxiety; however, some subscales of EQ and anxiety showed significant correlations. There were significant correlations between authoritarian parenting style and separation anxiety (r=0.186; p<0.05) as well as authoritative parenting style and mother�s EQ (r=0.286; p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between child anxiety and behavior (r = -0.81). Regression analysis revealed maternal EQ is effective in predicting child behavior (?=0.340; p<0.01). Conclusion. This study provides preliminary evidence that the child�s behavior in the dental setting is correlated to mother�s emotional intelligence. Emotionally intelligent mothers were found to have predominantly authoritative parenting style. Key words:Anxiety, child behavior, parenting, pediatric dentistry.