Glacial avalanche hazards can threaten lives and damage infrastructures in high altitude mountainous regions. In April 2012 a gigantic ice plus rock avalanche destroyed military camp at Gyari and killed 139 persons. Antecedent, the objectives of this study are to simulate and model Gyari camp glacial avalanche with reference to its extent, height, momentum, velocity and pressure and, to simulate and model the other potential glacial avalanche prone areas in Shyok basin. To simulate the Gyari camp glacial hazard and other potential glacial avalanche hazards, an empirical process based Glacier Avalanche Model; Rapid Access Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) is used. The RAMMS model encompasses the variables like avalanche release height and release area for the conduct of simulation. The model output of Gyari glacial avalanche hazard resulted from a max pressure of 2500 KPa, max velocity of 90 m/s, and the max flow height of 40 m, while the resulted output debris volume calculated was 4.3145 million m3. The calibrated agreement was found in extent and height of actual debris in comparison with RAMMS simulated output. The potential hazardous glacial avalanche prone areas of Shyok basin were simulated by RAMMS model after the model being calibrated to the actual incident of Gyari. The study has resulted in identifying the Siachen glacier conflict zone being more prone to avalanche hazards because of host factors in general and the anthropogenic factor in particular.
The north east area of Pakistan is characterized as highly prone to landslide hazard. To monitor such vast areas physically where there is high vulnerability of the hazard is very difficult. The purpose of this study was to identify the potentially dangerous landslides to downward settlements in GIS environment by utilizing remote sensing techniques. The study was conducted in north east areas of Pakistan where there are several human settlements which are endangered due to landslide hazard. The sudden slide of highly unstable mass adjoined with receding rocks occurs because of seismic shocks. The DEM is utilized to detect the flow course of landslides involving slope, elevation and orientation of the mountains. The study results show that settlements in north east of Pakistan are found more threatened in comparison with east region. Keeping in view the frequent land sliding activity in the region of study, the habitat is facing potential danger. The results of the study provide a platform for establishment of an early warning and monitoring system..
Glacial avalanche hazard poses threat to human lives and damage settlements / infrastructures in alpine glaciers mountainous regions. A gigantic ice plus rock avalanche destroyed Gyari military camp in Siachen sector on April 2012 and buried 139 personals. The study focuses on geospatial analysis and simulation of Shishper glacial avalanche of Hunza basin. To simulate the potential glacial avalanche hazard to Hassan Abad settlements, an empirical process based Glacier Avalanche Model; Rapid Access Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) is utilized. The model encompasses avalanche release area and height for the execution of simulation. The model output of Shishper glacial avalanche resulted; a max pressure of 450 Kpa, max velocity of 40 m/s, and the max flow height of 80m, while the resulted surge extent output was 2500m. The potential hazardous Shishper glacial avalanche remains a continuous hazard to Hassan Abad of Hunza valley including Karakoram Highway and Frontier Works Organization (FWO) camp. The study has resulted in identifying the Upper Indus Bain (UIB) being more prone to glacial avalanche hazards because of host factors in general and the anthropogenic factor in particular.
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