Nowadays, research and development of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) widely supporting various available application such as oil/gas monitoring system, tsunami monitoring, disaster prevention, and environmental monitoring has become increasingly popular among academicians and industries. However, to develop efficient communication in UWSNs is a difficult duty due to the irregular nature of the underwater environment. In our previous review [14], we did an elaborate theoretical survey on UWSNs routing protocols. In this work, we are going to evaluate the performance of some of the UWSNs routing protocols under high-density network condition. To simulate a high-density UWSNs, we are placing hundreds of underwater nodes in a small three-dimensional topographical area and study the behavior of the routing protocol and the network. We have chosen to evaluate some of the frequently addressed underwater routing protocols such as Underwater Flooding (UWFlooding), Vector-Based Forwarding (VBF), and Hop by Hop Vector-Based Forwarding (HH-VBF) under this high-density network scenarios. The result of our study shows that VBF and HH-VBF perform better in term of the number of packets received, dropped packets and PDR, while UWFlooding performs better in term of cumulative delay.
Currently, the Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is mainly an interesting area due to its ability to provide a technology to gather many valuable data from underwater environment such as tsunami monitoring sensor, military tactical application, environmental monitoring and many more. However, UWSNs is suffering from limited energy, high packet loss and the use of acoustic communication. In UWSNs most of the energy consumption is used during the forwarding of packet data from the source to the destination. Therefore, many researchers are eager to design energy efficient routing protocol to minimize energy consumption in UWSNs. As the opportunistic routing (OR) is the most promising method to be used in UWSNs, this paper focuses on the existing proposed energy efficient OR protocol in UWSNs. This paper reviews the existing proposed energy efficient OR protocol, classifying them into 3 categories namely sender-side-based, receiver-side-based and hybrid. Furthermore each of the protocols is reviewed in detail, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, we discuss potential future work research directions in UWSNs, especially for energy efficient OR protocol design.
Contrasting the Radio Frequency (RF) or Electro Magnetic (EM) wave based terrestrial network communication technologies, acoustic communication on UnderwaterSensor Networks (UWSNs) add a unique set of challenges due their long propagation delays, low data rates, and high transmit power. Due to characteristic of basic acoustic nature and hence require an entire redesign in all the layer of network protocol stack. Most importantly, the current established network technology that were developed for conventional terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs) are not suitable for directly applying them in underwater scenarios. Due to this reason, the research in network technology of UWSNs has been underway to overcome the lack of available network technology in UWSNs. In this work, we are going to study some of the available simulators for simulating a UWSNs environment and enlighten the reasons for selecting Aqua-Sim and Aqua-3D for our underwater network simulations. In this research, the performance of the basic routing protocols in Aqua-Sim such as Underwater Flooding (UWFlooding), Vector-Based Forwarding (VBF), and Hop-by-Hop Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol (HH-VBF) is evaluated with the metrics packet delivery ratio (PDR), cumulative delay, throughput and energy consumption under dense network environment. The result of our study showed that VBF and HH-VBF are performed better in terms of PDR, cumulative delay and energy consumption, while UWFlooding is performed better in terms of cumulative delay.
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