A water consumption assessment using a bottom-up approach is applied in this research; the smallest level of water consumption assessment shows the water consumption behavior at the farm level of 55 mangosteen farms in the Khlung District of Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, in the production year 2019. The findings revealed that the average water footprint (WF) was 774.60 m3/ton, which was divided into a green water footprint of 519.04 m3/ton and the blue water footprint of 255.56 m3/ton. Stage 5 was the mangosteen’s growth stage that had the highest WF: this stage was the fruit’s maturation period, whose WF was equivalent to 41.16% of the yearly water consumption. The WF of mangosteen data for the production year 2019 is a crucial baseline that will enable farmers to understand the actual water consumption in mangosteen production at the farm level. It will be feasible to determine the trend of changing water use, particularly if the mangosteen WF data is regularly gathered each year and it has led to appropriate water consumption planning per the needs of the mangosteen. Furthermore, this research also raised farmers’ awareness concerning the water consumption of mangosteen production.
This study presents the distribution of road accidents in Bangkok, Thailand, during the COVID-19 outbreak (162 days) using spatial statistics. The findings show that the number of road accidents fell by 28.53% during the lockdown period (March 26 to June 14, 2020) compared to before the lockdown period (January 5 to March 25, 2020). There was also a considerable decrease in road accidents by approximately 4.96% compared to the same period in 2019 (January 4 to June 14, 2019). High accident incidence areas were located in central and southwestern Bangkok, and this pattern was also observed before and during the lockdown as well as in 2019. The findings revealed the numbers and patterns of road accidents that occurred during the COVID-19 outbreak. This information can be useful in minimizing and limiting the impact and damage caused by road accidents in Bangkok.
Climate variability and natural disasters are some of the main problems affecting agricultural land worldwide. In this study, climatic data, natural disaster data, and agricultural data were used to assess the climate risk of agricultural areas at sub-district level in Chon Buri province, Thailand. The data were aggregated using a composite index, the Agricultural Risk Index (ARI). The ARI values were scaled into three classes: low (<0.2500), medium (0.2500-0.5000), and high (>0.5000) risk. The results showed that the highest ARI value (0.6322) was found in Khokploh sub-district, which is a result of the high water consumption, the high number of agricultural areas, and the great distance from water resources. This index can be used for decision makers and government authorities to evaluate and monitor the risks in agricultural areas.
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