Fumaric acid esters have a 4-year drug survival rate of 60%, which compares favourably with reported 4-year survival rates of 40% for etanercept and adalimumab and 70% for infliximab. Longer drug survival is more likely in the significant subgroup of patients in whom a very low dose of FAEs is sufficient to control disease. The reasons for this are unclear.

Fumaric acid esters are frequently associated with transient or persistent proteinuria. Significant renal dysfunction is rare and usually reversible on dose reduction or discontinuation of FAE. This study highlights the importance of screening for proteinuria. Higher doses per weight of treatment and longer duration of FAE therapy are likely risk factors for PTD.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the serum concentration of (1,25-(OH)2D3) and trace elements in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared to healthy individuals. Methods: This research was performed on 72participants, 37 cases of RA and 35 healthy individuals, with age range 39-67 years. Serum (1,25-(OH)2D3) levels was determined and compared in cases and healthy controls. Results: The serum (1,25-(OH)2D3) levels were significantly lower in the RA patients (13.24 ± 1.06 ng/ml), when compared to the healthy individuals (26.9 ± 1.7 ng/ml). The examination of data revealed that the levels of (Magnesium, Manganese, Nickel and Rubidium) were remarkably elevated in RA patients when compared to healthy control , serum levels of (Chromium, Cobalt and Germanium) were remarkably decreased in RA patients  when compared to healthy control. Conclusions: (1,25-(OH)2D3) insufficiency is more widespread among patients with RA and may be one of the reasons leading to evolution of rheumatoid arthritis. Supplementation with (1,25-(OH)2D3) may be required both for the avoidance of bone loss besides for painkilling in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Current results propose that alterations in the serum concentration of trace elements may yield  good indication  to their role in the pathogenesis of  rheumatoid arthritis.

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Objectives: This study designed to assess the genomic instability between healthy women and women with breast cancer by means of buccal cells micronucleus (MN) cytome assay. Methods: The current study comprised 25 healthy women and 30 breast cancer patients. The exfoliated cells of buccal mucosa were taken after each participants rinse their mouths with tap water. The micronucleated cell and nuclear anomalies were analyzed under a total magnification of X1000, 2000 cells per subjects ( patient and control group) were scored and the frequencies of nuclear anomalies including MN, binucleates (BN), Pycnotic cell, karyolysis (KL) and karyorrhexis (KR) were evaluated in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of women with primary BC and healthy women. Results: The frequencies of micronuclei and all nuclear anomalies in buccal cells of BC patients were significantly increased compared with the controls. (For Binucleates cells only, p<0.001; in all other cases, P < 0.0001). The mean scores of micronuclei and all nuclear anomalies for the breast cancer patients were (10.66±0.3845, 6.20±0.26, 8.40±0. 22, 18.40±0. 34, 19.13 ±0.40) were significantly higher than that of healthy women). Conclusion: Elevated frequency of micronucleated cells and all nuclear anomalies in the buccal mucosa of breast cancer patients reveal the genomic instability. These findings propose that the buccal MN-cytome assay can be used to measure both genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in primary cancer patients.