The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) has gained considerable popularity in the research community with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), primarily because of its versatility to cope with various network topologies and its ability to offer features such as self-healing, auto-configuration, detection, and loop avoidance. The objective function (OF) of the RPL calculates the ranks of nodes in the network depending on one routing metric, and then selects and optimizes the routes. Because of the single metric, both MRHOF and OF0 will suffer from long hops when selecting the routes to the sink, selecting inefficient routes such as paths containing nodes with small residual energy may cause the nod's energy to be consumed faster than other nodes. The other problem with RPL is the unbalanced choice of parents that make bottleneck nodes that cause more network delay and high packet loss ratio because of the high congestion nodes, especially the nodes located near the sink node. In this paper, we first reviewed the proposed objective functions and then suggested an improvement in the RPL objective function that considers three metrics (load, residual energy, and ETX metrics) instead of only one metric. The tool used in this paper is the Cooja simulator, we took three scenarios, and we compared the results of the proposed protocol with the original RPL MRHOF objective function; the results showed that the proposed protocol succeeded to enhance the RPL protocol in term of PDR, packet loss ratio, and total power consumption. The best performance of the proposed protocol is shown in the network with 60 nodes, and the proposed protocol increased the PDR by 0.4059, decreased the packet loss ratio by 0.21015, and decreased the total power consumption by 132.16 mw compared with the MRHOF protocol.
Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is a proactive routing protocol that automates the path development process using objective functions (OFs).The IETF defines two types of RPL objective functions, minimum rank with hysteresis objective function (MRHOF) and OF0. OF0 is based on the minimum hop count metric while the MRHOF is based on the expected transmission count (ETX) metric. Because of the single metric, both MRHOF and OF0 will suffer from long hops when selecting the routs to the sink, and select inefficient routes maybe paths contain nodes with small residual energy, which may cause consume the nod's energy faster than other nodes.The other problem of RPL is unbalanced chosen by parents that make bottleneck nodes that cause more network delay and high packet loss ratio because of the high congestion nodes, especially the nodes that locate near the sink node. In this article, we proposed an improvement RPL objective function that considers three metrics (load, residual energy, and ETX metrics) instead of one metric, to solve the MRHOF problems. The performance of the proposed protocol shows the enhancement in the RPL performance in terms of PDR, total energy consumption, and many other parameters.
The Objective Function (OF) can be used by the Routing protocol for low power lossy networks (RPL) to construct a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) based on routing metrics. The standard OFs suffer from long hops when selecting the route, which may cause consume the node's energy faster. In this paper, we suggest an improvement of RPL OF that considers three metrics. The results show that the proposed protocol increases network lifetime by reducing energy consumption, increasing efficiency, increasing Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and decreasing packet loss ratio. In terms of PDR, packet loss ratio, and average power consumption, the best performance of the proposed protocol is shown in the network with 70 nodes and when the transmission range is 50m. Compared with the MRHOF, the proposed protocol increased the PDR by 58.425%, decreased the packet loss ratio by 0.21765, and decreased the total power consumption by 181.815mW. In terms of the average Expected Transmission Count (ETX) the best performance of the proposed protocol is shown in the network with 60 nodes and the transmission range is 40m. The proposed protocol reduced the average ETX by 49 compared to the MRHOF.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.