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This study aimed to analyze precisely the dimensions, shapes, and variations of the insertional footprints of the tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) at the medial cuneiform (MC) and first metatarsal (MT1) base. Forty-one formalin-fixed human cadaveric specimens were dissected. After preparation of the TAT footprint, standardized photographs were made and the following parameters were evaluated: the footprint length, width, area of insertion, dorsoplantar location, shape, and additional tendon slips. Twenty feet (48.8%) showed an equal insertion at the MC and MT1, another 20 feet (48.8%) had a wide insertion at the MC and a narrow insertion at the MT1, and 1 foot (2.4%) demonstrated a narrow insertion at the MC and a wide insertion at the MT1. Additional tendon slips inserting at the metatarsal shaft were found in two feet (4.8%). Regarding the dorsoplantar orientation, the footprints were located medial in 29 feet (70.7%) and medioplantar in 12 feet (29.3%). The most common shape at the MT1 base was the crescent type (75.6%) and the oval type at the MC (58.5%). The present study provided more detailed data on the dimensions and morphologic types of the tibialis anterior tendon footprint. The established anatomical data may allow for a safer surgical preparation and a more anatomical reconstruction.

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Background The tibialis posterior tendon (TPT) is the main dynamic stabilizer of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Especially in adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) the TPT plays a detrimental role. The pathology and function of the tendon have been extensively investigated, but knowledge of its insertional anatomy is paramount for surgical procedures. This study aimed to analyze the complex distal footprint anatomy of the TPT. Methods Forty-one human anatomical specimens were dissected and the distal TPT was followed to its bony footprints. After tendon removal the footprints were marked with ink. Standardized photographs were taken and consecutively analyzed by digital imaging measurements. Footprint length, width, area of insertion, location, and shape was studied regarding the main insertion at the navicular bone. Results All specimens had the main TPT insertion at the navicular bone (41/41, 100%). Sixty-three percent of navicular TPT insertions were located at the plantar aspect. The mean navicular footprint measured 12.1 mm × 6.9 mm in length and width, respectively. The tendon further spread into several slips which anchored the tibialis posterior deep in the plantar arch. TPT insertions were highly variable with an involvement of up to eight distinct bony footprints in the mid- and hindfoot. The second most common additional footprint was the lateral cuneiform (93% of dissected feet), followed by the medial cuneiform (80%), the metatarsal bases [1–5] (80%), the cuboid (46%), the intermediate cuneiform (19%), and the calcaneus (12%). Conclusions The present study adds to current knowledge on the footprint anatomy of the TPT. Based on the findings of this study we advocate a plantar location of flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer in flexible AAFD in order to restore the anatomical lever and insertion of the TPT.

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In the mid-1960s, the rise of the U.S. population and the change in physician training with emphasis on trained medical experts in multiple specialties led to an increased demand for primary care physicians. At the same time, the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid programs improved accessibility to health care for the elderly and people with disabilities or low income, further increasing demand for physicians. 1 This shortage of physicians led to a rethinking of the health care delivery system, creating new nonphysician clinicians (the forerunners of today's midlevel providers) who would take on many routine aspects of health care delivery and work under direct supervision of physicians.This concept led to the inauguration of the first formal physician assistant program at Duke University in 1965, developed by Dr. Eugene A. Stead, Jr., Chairman of Medicine. It proposed to train former military medical veterans, ideal additions to the health care workforce, with their extensive battlefield medical experience. By the end of the 1970s, the majority of physician assistants in practice were ex-military medical corps, and in the public's mind, a physician assistant was associated with a corpsman. 2,3 In the last 50 years since the introduction of the first physician assistant program, education and board certification requirements have become increasingly standardized, with now more than 230 physician assistant schools across the country. [3][4][5][6] In a similar timeframe as the development of the first physician assistant program, Dr. Loretta Ford and Dr. Henry Silver established the first nurse practitioner program at the University of Colorado. Their intent was to train graduate pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive child wellness care and manage common childhood health problems, especially in the rural areas of Colorado. Initially, the introduction of this new role to advance nursing

The relative rarity of skull base tumors has limited surgeons' ability to report on morbidity and mortality in a large and nationwide patient series. We aimed to assess the impact of reconstructive procedures on patients undergoing skull base surgery and to determine whether 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality varied between patients who underwent reconstruction and those who did not. We performed a retrospective analysis using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 2005 to 2012 databases. Chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables and t-tests were used for continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis predicted the influence of preoperative and operative variables on complications. A total of 479 patients were included in our study; 199 patients received concurrent reconstruction. There was no statistically significant difference in wound complication, morbidity, length of total hospital stay, and mortality between the 2 groups. The reconstruction cohort showed significantly longer operative times (416.45 [207.585] versus 319.99 [222.813] min, P = 0.001) and higher return to the operating room rate (13.6% versus 6.1%, P = 0.005). Reconstruction using pedicled flaps was associated with increased odds of wound complications (odds ratio, 4.937; P = 0.023), and microsurgical reconstruction was associated with return to the operating room (odds ratio, 2.212; P = 0.015). According to logistic regression, dyspnea, diabetes mellitus, functional status, and tumor involving the central nervous system were associated with complications. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of reconstruction after skull base surgery. Additional measures involved in flap reconstruction are associated with an increase in operation time and return to the operating room rate but not with complications, morbidity, or mortality.

Summary: Correction of caudal septal deviation remains surgically challenging, given its imperative function as a nasal tip stabilizer and factor in tip projection, as well as its impact on the nasolabial angle and length of the nose. Although various procedures have been devised to repair the caudal septum using grafting techniques, correction with minimally invasive isolated suture techniques is limited. In this case report, we describe a modified horizontal mattress suture to correct caudal septal deviation in a patient undergoing revision septorhinoplasty. The patient followed up for 2 years after the surgery, and correction of the anterior caudal septum deviation remained intact.