The present study demonstrates that adipokine levels are altered from initial to final stages of CKD due to renal dysfunction which in association with an exaggerated inflammation may contribute to the ED and CV events.
Diagnosis of renal diseases by assessing renal parameters in saliva. Biochemical investigations using serum form important component of monitoring patients with renal disease. Utility of saliva, in diagnosis and monitoring of patients with renal disease and for calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), was studied. Sixty patients with renal disease and sixty ageand sex-matched healthy controls were studied. Urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus were measured in both serum and saliva. eGFR was calculated using salivary creatinine. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison and correlation between groups were assessed by Student's t-test and Pearson correlation, respectively. Bland-Altman plot, mountain plot, and intra-class correlation coefficient were used to test agreement. A P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft excel spreadsheets, Medcalc Version 10.0, and SPSS version 11.5. Salivary levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus were higher in patients compared to controls. Potassium and phosphorus levels were higher (P = 0.001) and creatinine, sodium, calcium, and uric acid levels were lower (P = 0.001) in saliva compared to serum in both patients and controls. Positive correlation was observed between serum and salivary urea and creatinine (P < 0.0001). eGFR values calculated from salivary creatinine showed good agreement with those calculated form serum creatinine. Salivary urea (>6 mmol/L) and creatinine (>14.6 μmol/L) and eGFR calculated from salivary creatinine can be used to identify patients with renal disease.
Infectious diseases are among the top most killers with great mortality and morbidity. Antibiotic prescription is a very common entity in a clinical setup. Because of the inadvertent and irrational use of antibiotics, increasingly drug resistance is being observed among the clinical isolates, which takes a great toll on the health, economical and social status of the affected. Multidrug resistance is observed among all the major bacterial species. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance should be done at local, regional, and national level in order to formulate the antibiotic policies which helps in guiding the clinicians in rational use of antibiotics. The present study emphasizes on systematic analysis of the Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of various clinical isolates in and around Kurnool which helps the local clinicians in the better management of the patients. Aims and Objectives: The present study aims in identifying the etiological agents from various clinical samples and detecting their resistance pattern. Materials and Methods: All the samples sent to the Microbiology department in Bharathi Diagnostics, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, during the study period of January 2018 to December 2018 were processed according to the standard protocols. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all the significant isolates by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and the interpretation was carried out as per the CLSI guidelines. The most common clinical samples obtained were Urine, Blood, Pus/ Wound swab, Sputum and other Body fluids.
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