Ever since the introduction of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the 1970s, their demand has increased exponentially with their applications in electric vehicles, smartphones, and energy storage systems. To cope with the increase in demand and the ensuing environmental effects of excessive mining activities and waste production, it becomes crucial to explore ways of manufacturing LIBs from the resources that have already been extracted from nature. It is possible by promoting the re-usage, refurbishing, and recycling of the batteries and their constituent components, rethinking the fundamental design of devices using these batteries, and introducing the circular economy model in the battery industry. This paper through a literature review provides the current state of CE adoption in the lithium-ion battery industry. The review suggests that the focus is mostly on recycling at this moment in the battery industry, and a further understanding of the process is needed to better adapt to other CE practices such as reuse, remanufacture, refurbishment, etc. The paper also provides the steps involved in the recycling process and, through secondary case studies, shows how some of the industries are currently approaching battery recycling. Thus, this paper, through review and secondary cases, helps us to understand the current state of LIB recycling and CE adoption.
Objective: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be responsible for occurrence of high frequency of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. An association between inflammatory activity of RA and MetS has also been speculated. This study was designed to see whether presence of MetS along with RA increases the severity of disease and to find the risk association of the disease severity markers of RA namely TNF-α, anti-CCP, RF, CRP and ESR with MetS. Methodology: 185 patients of RA (EULAR 2010) were recruited and assessed for MetS according to NCEP/ATP III criteria. Serum level of disease specific biomarkers of RA namely TNF-α, anti-CCP, RF, CRP and ESR were quantified in all patients and compared between RA with MetS and only RA patients. Cytokine TNF-α, anti-CCP, RF, and CRP were assayed through ELISA. Results: The prevalence of MetS among RA patients was 41.2%. The mean age of RA cases with MetS is significantly older (55.65yrs) with increased disease duration. The levels of TNF-α, anti-CCP, CRP and ESR along with EULAR & DAS score were significantly (p<0.05) high in RA with MetS. TNF-α showed maximum risk (OR=6.3; p=0.03) in development of MetS. Longer disease duration with high anti-CCP, CRP and DAS-28 were also contributing significantly in MetS development. Conclusion: A positive vicious cycle is working between the pathogenesis of RA and MetS through inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers. MetS in RA is associated with increased disease severity. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Metabolic syndrome, Biomarkers, Cytokine TNF-α, Disease severity
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