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Fibrous reinforcements, specifically those derived from agricultural sources, instead of steel make concrete more sustainable and provide unique properties to structures. Organic, inorganic and metallic fibers have been extensively studied as reinforcement and as aggregates for concrete. Steel, glass and carbon in fibrous forms have been used as reinforcement along with concrete or as a separate structure to improve performance or buttress dilapidated structures. Although these traditional materials provide good improvement in properties, they are derived from non-renewable and unsustainable sources. Recent focus has been to use renewable and sustainable materials in concrete instead of the traditional materials such as glass, carbon and steel. A plethora of fibers and fibrous materials, especially those derived from agricultural residues, have the potential to be used in concrete and make concrete structure more sustainable and environmentally friendly. In addition to the different types of fibers, various forms of the same fibers have also been used as reinforcement. Fibers, fabrics, tubes, rods and other structures have been used as reinforcement. In this review, we summarize the various types of fibers used in concrete and discuss the potential of using biofibers derived from agricultural residues as reinforcement and aggregates in concrete. We have broadly grouped the fibers into eight categories and further divided into sub-groups depending on the form of the reinforcement. Major focus has been to cover literature on natural fibers and agricultural residue-based reinforcements. Advantages of using fibrous materials including increase in performance properties have been reviewed. Limitations of the reinforcements and approaches to overcome the limitations have also been discussed.

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PurposeThis paper aims to provide a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine, which feeds electric power (AC) to the power grid. The converter, located on the machine side, is used to produce the full amount of wind power. Research on wind energy conversion system (WECS) is carried out in this study using a direct wind turbine in MATLAB with constant and variable speeds.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is about WECS using PMSG and is connected to a grid of two serial converters with common DC connections.FindingsThis paper aims to provide the value of DC connection voltage at its base, regardless of the wind speed alterations, the inverter's output ac voltage can be kept constant.Originality/valueThis paper aims to provide a Hill Climb Search maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is an effective control system for extracting maximum energy, also called voltage control, pitch control, phase-locked loop (PLL) controls, from a wind turbine. Using the Fuzzy controller, the grid side converter is controlled.