Introduction: In recent years, extensive research has been done worldwide for crop waste management so that its various components can be used effectively in various industries. Numerous on- and off-field strategies exist for dealing with RS. The health and environmental concerns render in-field management techniques such as burning, mulching, inclusion, etc., impractical. The second largest volume of agricultural waste is produced when it is burned, which poses health problems due to air pollution and harms organic matter by causing significant nutrient losses. Aim: Since Rice Straw (RS) contains a lot of cellulose, researchers are interested in exploring its possible use in the pharmaceutical sector. The chemical nature of RS and the many therapeutic uses of RS-derived biomaterial are the main topics of this review. Pharmaceutical uses include using RS-derived biomaterial as a drug carrier, excipient, packaging material, cosmetic ingredient, and developing other products with added value.
Introduction: Urotensin - II (U-II) is a small peptide of 11 to 14-amino acids containing a ring structure of 6-amino acids which is highly conserved in all organisms. UT-II and its receptors have been confined in human cerebrum, spinal line, heart (ventricular myocardium), vascular (endothelial and smooth muscle) tissues, kidney, thyroid and skeletal muscles. The discovery of U-II as an endogenous ligand of GPR14 has rekindled the interest in its physiological as well as pathophysiological role in humans. Objective: Objective of the manuscript is to develop better understanding of its binding to the receptor, its secondary messenger system and mechanism of termination of action, we will be better equipped to tame its properties. Conclusion: This review explained about chemical structure of Urotensin-II, U-II and UT receptor, UT antagonists and a correlation with cardiovascular diseases like arthrosclerosis, congestive cardiovascular breakdown and diabetes.
Malaria is a potentially fatal parasitic disease brought on by five Plasmodium species, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi. The fast emergence of P. falciparum resistance to currently available treatments has increased health concerns in developing countries. The growth in resistance emphasizes the need for a novel, secure, and cost-effective antimalarial drug that can treat malaria resistant to multiple antimalarial drugs. Therefore, it has become crucial to create new therapeutic approaches to deal with the rise of parasites resistant to artemisinin. For the treatment of P. falciparum malaria in children living in areas with moderate to high transmission, as established by WHO, the malaria vaccine RTS, S has been authorized. The WHO recommends that governments consider this immunization against a human parasite when deciding the optimum subnational combination of measures for maximum impact. The current research synthesizes numerous 4-aminoquinoline derivatives successfully treating malaria and its diverse etiological species. Additionally crucial to the management and prevention of malaria are antibiotics. Effective and well-tolerated antimalarial medications include tetracycline and chloramphenicol, chloroquine, primaquine, pamaquine, and artemisinins are some of the drugs used to treat malaria; however, numerous new compounds have proven to be even more efficient. This review, based on literature reports, will give medicinal chemists ideas for new malaria drugs to develop. In addition, this review will help search for new antimalarial drug leads in the future.
An injury to the human body is classified as a wound if it results in a cut or a break in the skin. Depending on the depth of the skin layer, a wound can either be limited to the epidermal layer, which heals via re-epithelialization without the need for skin grafts, or full-thickness wounds, which result in the loss of both the epidermis and dermis (FTW). A full-thickness wound cannot heal on its own and needs a skin graft or tissue regeneration product to heal quickly. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the properties of electrospun nanofibers and their application as skin regeneration products rapid healing of the full-thickness wound. The paper first introduces the skin, its layers, and various problems associated with human skin. In the next part, a wound is discussed in terms of acute and chronic wounds. Primary, secondary and tertiary clinical wound healing has also been discussed. The next part briefly introduces the four different phases of healing, i.e. hemostasis, inflammation, proliferative and maturation of newly deposited collagen into tissues. The effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) on reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and reactive sulphur species, and their effect on healing time was discussed. The electrospinning process's evolution and setup, properties of electrospun nanofibers, a component of electrospinning solution, and various parameters affecting electrospinning were discussed. Application on nanofiber scaffold in terms of drug delivery and tissue regeneration was highlighted. In the end, improvement in the existing nanofibrous scaffold was briefly highlighted.
A full-thickness open wound with loss of residual cells for regeneration does not heal spontaneously and takes a long duration for complete healing. Sometimes, this results in scarring of the skin and significant disability. A scaffold that provides a 3D framework for cell signaling, attachment, and proliferation is essential for the rapid closure of a full-thickness wound. Nowadays, the electrospun nanofiber is the most widely employed formulation in wound healing. The current study analyzed a patent trend analysis of electrospun nanofiber's application in tissue regeneration. The patent search was conducted using open-source patent databases like The Lens and Patentscope. Two hundred thirty-one patent records were found with the keywords and exported from the database for January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2021. After the initial screening, 24 patent documents were shortlisted for in-depth analysis. China, the USA, European Countries, Korea, and Australia lead this patent filing field. The top applicants are either private companies or academic institutions. The last ten years of patents were analyzed in terms of Patent-Applicant, Patent- Inventors, Patent-Owners, patent filed, published and granted. In the top ten Assignee, Marine Essence Bioscience Corp (US) topped the list. The most-recorded IPC class is A61L15/44, a subgroup of A61L15, and it is related to the chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads. In the end, some relevant patent was analyzed based on their citation by other patents and non-patent literature. From patent trend analysis, it was observed that the electrospun nanofiber would provide an attractive area for research in tissue regeneration.
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