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The rates of DAI in the Colombian ICUs were lower than those published in some reports from other Latin American countries and were higher than those reported in US ICUs by the NNIS. These data show the need for more-effective infection control interventions in Colombia.

Our study showed that the implementation of a multidimensional infection control strategy is associated with a significant reduction in the CAUTI rate in AICUs from developing countries.

Bacteria that produce the broad-spectrum Carbapenem antibiotic New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) place a burden on health care systems worldwide, due to the limited treatment options for infections caused by them and the rapid global spread of this antibiotic resistance mechanism. Although it is believed that the associated resistance gene blaNDM-1 originated in Acinetobacter spp., the role of Enterobacteriaceae in its dissemination remains unclear. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to investigate the dissemination dynamics of blaNDM-1-positive plasmids in a set of 21 clinical NDM-1-positive isolates from Colombia and Mexico (Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii) as well as six representative NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli transconjugants. Additionally, the plasmids from three representative P. rettgeri isolates were sequenced by PacBio sequencing and finished. Our results demonstrate the presence of previously reported plasmids from K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in different genetic backgrounds and geographically distant locations in Colombia. Three new previously unclassified plasmids were also identified in P. rettgeri from Colombia and Mexico, plus an interesting genetic link between NDM-1-positive P. rettgeri from distant geographic locations (Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Israel) without any reported epidemiological links was discovered. Finally, we detected a relationship between plasmids present in P. rettgeri and plasmids from A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae. Overall, our findings suggest a Russian doll model for the dissemination of blaNDM-1 in Latin America, with P. rettgeri playing a central role in this process, and reveal new insights into the evolution and dissemination of plasmids carrying such antibiotic resistance genes.

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Adherence to HH was increased by 55% with the INICC approach. Programs targeted at improving HH in variables found to be predictors of poor compliance should be implemented.

353Colonización por SARM en una unidad de cuidados intensivos ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL Colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de adultos de un hospital colombiano: caracterización fenotípica y molecular con detección de un clon de circulación en la comunidad Resultados. Se tamizaron 705 pacientes al ingreso; 182 (25,8%) estaban colonizados por S. aureus, de los cuales, 51 (7,2%) eran resistentes a la meticilina. Se hizo el seguimiento durante la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos a 683 pacientes, de los cuales, 62 (9,1%) fueron colonizados por SARM en dicha unidad. La prevalencia del clon chileno fue de 76,5% al ingreso y de 88,9% durante la estancia. El 16,0% de los pacientes colonizados desarrollaron algún tipo de infección por SARM. Se encontraron tres pacientes colonizados con SARM adquirido en la comunidad, los cuales fueron positivos para la leucocidina Panton-Valentine (Panton-Valentine leukocidin, PVL). Conclusiones. El 7,2% de los pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos estaban colonizados con SARM. Éste es el primer reporte de colonización por aislamientos de SARM-ST8-SCCmec IVc adquirido en la comunidad y relacionado genéticamente con el clon pandémico USA300-0114 en Colombia.Palabras clave: Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, cuidados intensivos, portador sano, tamización masiva, Colombia.

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