Recent finance studies have considered whether gaps between a firm's costs of internal and external sources of investment funds, arising from capital market imperfections, influence its investment behavior and funding preferences. This study tests the applicability of the pecking order and partial adjustment theories of financial structure to farm businesses by fitting a set of simultaneous financial equations with farm panel data from Illinois. Model results indicate that Illinois farms adjust to long-run financial targets for equity, debt, and leasing, but that additional financing needs follow a pecking order that is stronger for farms with greater asymmetric information problems.
A lease pricing model for farm land is developed that is consistent with traditional leasing principles and allows greater flexibility in determining crop share levels either separately or in combination with a fixed cash payment. The share levels are linked to the farm's soil productivity, the costs of each party's resource contributions, and their respective cost structures. The resulting menu of lease prices can enhance the equitability of leasing contracts, expand the range of contract choices, promote mutual incentives for the leasing parties, and heighten the efficiency of leasing markets through greater standardization of leases.
The leasing market for Midwestern farmland is experiencing greater reliance on cash versus share leases and increased competition for leased acreage. This study identifies significant factors associated with the use of cash leases relative to share leases, and with the associated levels of cash rent. A greater likelihood of cash leases is significantly related to higher income variability, lower soil quality, smaller tracts of leased acreage, shorter relationships with landlords, and to farmers with larger net worths and higher debt‐to‐asset ratios. Levels of cash rent are associated primarily with differences in soil productivity, tract size, and net worth.
Although there is much evidence that access to financial services correlates positively with economic development, basic convenient transfer and payment services are still unavailable for low-income segments of the Peruvian population. The experience of Kenya, the Philippines, and other countries has shown that electronic money (e-money) products can be effective in extending payment services. However, in Peru, the absence of regulation for the provision of schemes based on e-money prevents good investments and at the same time encourages fraudulent activities.This policy memo discusses the main elements of establishing a regulatory framework for e-money. It recommends that policymakers first define e-money, taking into account the laws and regulations of a particular country. If e-money is not defined as a deposit, then it follows that financial institutions may provide emoney products, along with telecommunications companies and similar operators. This will provide contestability in the market and more efficiency in the provision of e-money-based products for the benefit of consumers, particularly the poor.
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