This paper reports part of a broader qualitative case study of Asian students "translation" (Agar, 2006) to study in an Australian university. The paper is concerned with the experiences of eight participants and their involvement in a training programme in the use of language learning strategies (LLS) to support their engagement with second language (L2) academic and social discourses. Agar's (1994) concept of languaculture is used to frame the study. The participants' ability to translate between languaculture 1 (LC1-their home linguistic and cultural context) and languaculture 2 (LC2-the linguistic and cultural context of Australia) is investigated. The findings indicate that LLS can be assistive in this process but that there are contextual and linguistic factors that mediate success. These findings, and the data from the study, have enabled a refinement of Agar's (1994; languaculture model to better accommodate how training in the use of LLS can support translation from LC1 to LC2.
Background: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficient in pregnancy can lead to fetal deficiency that may affect chronic disease susceptibility childhood and adulthood. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between maternal and neonatal Vitamin D levels at birth and to identify other risk factors among pregnant women in Mongolia. Methods: Hospital-based study was conducted on 528 participants which included 264 mothers and 264 neonates. Pre-delivery maternal blood and neonatal cord blood samples were collected after birth. 25(ОН)D concentration was analyzed in relation to neonatal Vitamin D status, maternal and neonatal characteristics, and maternal Vitamin D intake. Results: The majority of Vitamin D levels in both maternal (76.5%) and neonatal cord (90.5%) blood were in the deficiency range. Only 3.8% of mothers and 1.5% of neonates had levels in the sufficient range at the time of delivery. For maternal demographic factors, total income was significantly different between the groups (P=0.000). The maternal outcomes were no significant associations were found between groups, but neonatal outcomes were associated with maternal Vitamin D status. In terms of Vitamin D supplementation, 27% of women were taken during pregnancy. Of the not supplemented women, 80% were Vitamin D deficient. Conclusions: A high proportion of Vitamin D deficiency was found in both mothers and newborns in our study. There is a strong correlation between the amount of Vitamin D in the mother and in the newborn. A mother’s Vitamin D intake is related to Vitamin D levels in the mother’s blood.
Objectives:Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnancy can lead to gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, as well as newborns having Vitamin D deficiency. This study was performed to determine the amount of maternal, neonatal Vitamin D, and consequences of Vitamin D deficiency on birth outcomes. Methods: Hospital-based prospective research was conducted on 528 participants which included 264 mothers and 264 neonates. Pre-delivery maternal venous blood and neonatal cord blood samples were collected and total 25(OH)D concentration was measured. After checking the normality of data distribution, methods of result presentation and statistical analyses were applied. Results: The average level of 25(OH) D in the mother’s blood was 16.53 ± 6.5 ng/ml. The total Vitamin D deficiency in mothers was 191 (72.3%), insufficiency was 63 (23.9%), and 10 (3.8%) registered levels of sufficiency. Maternal serum 25(OH)D was significantly correlated with cord blood 25(OH)D (r = 0.87, p < 0.01). Conclusion: A high proportion of Vitamin D deficiency was found in both mothers and newborns in our study. There is a strong correlation between the amount of Vitamin D in the mother’s blood and in the umbilical cord blood of the newborn. Complications of pregnancy are not associated with Vitamin D status in mother’s blood.
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