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Recently, we reported that 5,4'-diaminoflavone (1) exhibits potent and specific growth-inhibitory activity against the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. However, when compound 1 was incubated with S-9 mix, its metabolites were observed. Moreover, addition of S-9 mix to the medium caused the drastic decrease in activity of compound 1. Since the 6-, 8-, and 3'-positions were considered to be metabolized oxidatively in vivo from MO calculations, a series of 5,4'-diaminoflavone derivatives substituted at such putative metabolic positions with various functional groups were synthesized aiming at the metabolically stable derivatives. Among them, 5,4'-diamino-6,8,3'-trifluoroflavone (14d) exhibited strong growth-inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cells even in the presence of S-9 mix. Moreover, orally administered compound 14d completely suppressed the growth of MCF-7 inoculated into nude mice, and the effect was more potent than that of compound 1. In addition to ER-positive breast cancer cells, compound 14d exhibited growth-inhibitory activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines including a part of ER-negative breast, endometrial, ovarian, and liver cancers. From these results, fluorine introduction to the putative metabolic positions of compound 1 was elucidated to be effective in the enhancement of the in vivo antitumor activity, probably due to the block of the metabolic deactivation.

A series of 4-hydroxy-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid derivatives (6) and 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid derivatives (7) were designed and synthesized as 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Molecular modeling studies suggested that the 3-carbonyl moiety in 6 was almost coplanar to the plane of an aromatic ring, but in 7 there was a 30 degrees deviation. 4-Hydroxy substitution in quinoline derivatives enhanced affinity for the 5-HT3 receptors, and endo-N-(8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-3- quinolinecarboxamide (6f) exhibited the most potent activity in the Bezold-Jarisch (B-J) reflex test (ED50 = 0.1 micrograms/kg, iv) among quinoline derivatives 6. Although 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide derivatives (7a) exhibited higher affinity (e.g., 7d: Ki = 0.48 nM) for the 5-HT3 receptors than ondansetron (Ki = 7.6 nM) or granisetron (Ki = 2.1 nM), these amides showed less potent activity in the B-J reflex test than the reference compounds. Interestingly, the ester derivatives 7c, 7f, and 7h eliminated affinity for the 5-HT3 receptors. These unusual structure-activity relationships and the deviation of the 3-carbonyl moiety from the plane of an aromatic ring suggest that the active conformation of 7a might be different from the proposed one for the preceding 5-HT3 antagonists. Thus, 6f was chosen for further studies. No receptor binding for a variety of ligands was significantly antagonized by 6f. Comparing the ratios of the ED50 value in the B-J reflex test (rat, iv) with the LD50 value in acute lethal toxicity (mouse, iv), 6f was proved to have a 600-fold wider margin of safety than ondansetron. Compound 6f dose-dependently attenuated both the incidence and frequency of emetic episodes induced by cisplatin in the dog (ED50 = 14 micrograms/kg, iv) more potently than ondansetron (ED50 = 210 micrograms/kg, iv). Compound 6f (KF-20170) is now under further investigation as a drug for treating gastrointestinal disorder.

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