A single amino acid polymorphism in the Drosophila melanogaster Dα1 (ALS) subunit enhances neonicotinoid efficacy at Dα1-chicken β2 hybrid nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in Xenopuslaevis oocytes, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 78:4, 543-549,

Recent experiments have found hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) to have superior ice nucleation inhibition properties [ J. Phys. Chem. B 121, 6580]. The mechanism of how the inhibition takes place remains unclear. Therefore, molecular dynamics was used to simulate ice crystallization of a water/CTAB/ice system. The ice crystallization rate for a pure water system was compared for the basal [0001], first prism [101̅0], and secondary prism plane [112̅0], where the basal plane grew the slowest followed by the first prism plane. When CTAB was added to the ice-liquid water system, crystallization was clearly impeded. Even when ice starts growing away from the CTAB molecule, the hydrophilic head would at some point protrude and get caught in the water/ice interface. Once the head of the CTAB was encapsulated in the advancing interface, the hydrophobic body would wriggle around and disrupt the formation of hydrogen bond networks that are essential for ice growth. When the interface clears the length of the body of the CTAB molecule, ice crystallization resumes at its normal pace. In summary, the inhibition of ice growth is a combination of the hydrophilic head acting as an anchor and the dynamic motion of the hydrophobic tail hindering stable hydrogen bonding for ice growth.

τhc sur 血 ctant is expeoted as a kinetic inhibi ｛or ofice olystal growth ， Molecular dynamics simulationswere app 巨εd to ice！ water coexistence systenn with the sul「 factant to じ1arify the mechanlsni of ice growth inhibition ． W ε fbund that ic 巳 grow was inhibit by the surf 訟ctant which was near ice ！ w 艮ter inte1 甑 ce ． Key Mords：molecular dynamics simu 【 ation ， ico crystal growth ， surfactan 匸 ， kin じtic inhibitor