Guest Editor's Introduction: This paper was originally presented by Z. Yamazaki at the first congress of the International Society for Artificial Organs on August 26, 1977. It was printed in Artificial Organs Vol. 2 (supp) 273–276, 1978, and reprinted here with permission. This is the first paper describing clinical application of a membrane plasma separator as a hepatic assist device. This plasma separator was a hollow fiber device developed by Asahi Medical, Inc., Japan. Mr. K. Kataoka, vice president of Asahi Medical, Inc. was responsible for the development of this plasma separator module. Dr. N. Inoue is the internist responsible for these patients. Thirteen patients with acute liver failure were treated by this apheresis system. Seven out of thirteen patients recovered; however, only three of them survived.
Summary:A new route to the synthesis of olefinic nitriles from olefinic compounds, hydrogen cyanide and oxygen has been found. The reactions are shown schematically as below, and was named "Oxycyanations".The oxycyanation of ethylene, propylene, butylene-1, isobutylene, styrene, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile and benzene were investigated, and the corresponding unsaturated nitriles were produced.Acrylonitrile was obtained by oxycyanation of ethylene. The details of the acrylonitrile process were described. The addition of hydrogen chloride increased the rate of the oxycyanation, prevented the catalyst from deactivation, and hydrogen chloride was only slightly consumed. The main catalyst component was palladium, and the addition of certain co-catalyst elements was effective. Acrylonitrile was obtained in single pass yield of 88%, based on hydrogen cyanide, with a selectivity of 71 % based on ethylene, and with space time yield of 339g/l • catalyst -hr. The catalyst proved to maintain its activity for at least four months continuous run, thus it is expected to have adequate life as a commercial catalyst.
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