No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

We aimed to assess the kinetics of the release of proinflammatory cytokines and to clarify clinical usefulness as an indicator of the disease activity in human parechovirus type 3 virus (HPeV3)-induced sepsis-like syndrome. We measured serum levels of neopterin, interleukin (IL)-6 and the soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor types I (sTNF-RI) and II (sTNF-RII). Serum samples were obtained from 12 patients with HPeV3-induced sepsis-like syndrome and 28 healthy children. Disease course after onset was divided into 3 phases: early (day 1–2), peak (day 3–6) and recovery (day 9–16) phases. Serum IL-6 levels rapidly and markedly elevated in early phase and gradually decreased to those in healthy children in recovery phase. Furthermore, serum neopterin, sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II levels increased rapidly and markedly in onset phase and remained elevated in peak phase. These levels gradually decreased in recovery phase. Serum IL-18 levels increased from onset phase to peak phase and decreased in recovery phase. These results indicate that proinflammatory cytokines, in particular, interferon gamma, TNF-α and IL-18 are closely related to the development of HPeV3-induced sepsis-like syndrome. Serum levels of these cytokines might be a useful indicator of the disease activity.