We performed in-vitro germination tests on seeds from five Gastrodia orchids ( G. confusa , G. elata var. elata , G. elata var. pallens , G. nipponica , and G. pubilabiata ) using one Marasmiaceae and two Mycena isolates. Mycena sp. 1 promoted germination of all five Gastrodia orchids, with root and/or tuber formation observed in G. confusa , G. nipponica , and G. pubilabiata . No additional growth was observed in the other two orchids. Mycena sp. 2 induced G. confusa , G. elata var. elata , and G. nipponica germination, whereas Marasmiaceae sp. 1 induced G. nipponica and G. pubilabiata germination. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the two Mycena isolates represent distinct lineages within the Mycenaceae . Mycena sp. 1 and Marasmiaceae sp. 1 are closely related to Mycena abramsii and Marasmiellus rhizomorphogenus , respectively. Our results imply that Mycena and marasmioid fungi play important roles in early development in Gastrodia species, and that Mycena fungi in particular may be common mycobionts of Gastrodia species. Root and/or tuber development was observed with four plant-fungus combinations, implying that these associations persist throughout the life cycle, whereas G. elata var. elata may require different associates over time. Our findings will contribute to elucidating the mycorrhizal associations of mycoheterotrophic orchids throughout their life cycle.
The Brillouin scattering of (NH 4 ) 2 SbF 5 crystals have been performed and the values of velocities and refractive indices for 514.5 nm, respectively could be estimated as a function of temperature, from Brillouin spectra in both of plate-shaped and bulk samples. (1) All values such as velocity, refractive index and integrated intensity and so on were not almost changed in the monoclinic phase, but largely done in the triclinic phase.(2) At transition temperature 169 K, the frequency shifts and velocities for modes propagating along a-axis especially had a jump. (3) No soft modes in any transverse acoustic phonons have been observed in neighborhood of transition temperature 292 K between monoclinic and orthorhombic phases. The structural phase transition of this crystal will be discussed.
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