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for the recruitment of afadin and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to the leading edge. SHP-2 was previously reported to tightly regulate the activation of PDGF receptor and its downstream signaling pathway for the formation of the leading edge. These results indicate that afadin has a novel role in PDGF-induced directional cell movement, presumably in cooperation with active Rap1 and SHP-2.Supplementary material available online at

The origin of the high α(1,2-cis)-stereoselectivity in the reaction of galactosyl and galactosaminyl donors with a di-tert-butylsilylene (DTBS) group with several nucleophiles has been elucidated by means of experimental and computational approaches. DTBS overcomes any other cyclic protecting groups examined to date and the β(1,2-trans)-directing effect due to the neighboring participation by CO groups at C2. Requirements for the α(1,2-cis)-stereoselectivity are as follows: (1) generation of an oxocarbenium ion; (2) a galacto-type glycosyl donor with a cyclic protecting group bridging O4 and O6 to form a six-membered ring; (3) through-space electron donation from O4 and O6 into the empty p-orbital of the anomeric carbon to stabilize the oxocarbenium intermediate; (4) steric hindrance due to bulky alkyl substituents on the cyclic protecting group to prevent nucleophilic attack from the β-face; and (5) a 4,6-O-silylene structure. Furthermore, it was found that the strong stereodirecting effect of the DTBS group was unique and specific among the various cyclic protecting groups examined.

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