DNA replication is central to cell proliferation. Studies in the past six decades since the proposal of a semiconservative mode of DNA replication have confirmed the high degree of conservation of the basic machinery of DNA replication from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. However, the need for replication of a substantially longer segment of DNA in coordination with various internal and external signals in eukaryotic cells has led to more complex and versatile regulatory strategies. The replication program in higher eukaryotes is under a dynamic and plastic regulation within a single cell, or within the cell population, or during development. We review here various regulatory mechanisms that control the replication program in eukaryotes and discuss future directions in this dynamic field.

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Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase is conserved through evolution and regulates initiation and progression of DNA replication. In human, ASK/hsDbf4 binds and activates huCdc7 during S phase and this kinase complex is essential for DNA replication and cell proliferation. Drf1/ASKL1, a second human Dbf4/ASK-related protein, shares three conserved Dbf4 motifs previously identified on all of the Dbf4-related molecules. Drf1/ASKL1 can bind and activate huCdc7, and Cdc7-ASKL1 complex phosphorylates MCM2. ASKL1 transcription and protein levels oscillate during cell cycle and increase at late S to G 2 /M phases. The protein is detected predominantly in the nuclearsoluble fraction but not in the chromatin-bound fraction. Inhibition of Drf1/ASKL1 expression by siRNA results in attenuation of cell growth and in the increase of late S and G 2 /M phase population. siRNA treatment on synchronized cell population revealed that S phase progression is delayed when ASKL1 protein level is decreased. S phase delay may be linked to replication fork block, because increased levels of ␥H2AX and activated form of Chk2 are detected with ASKL1 siRNA in the absence of any additional DNA damages. Furthermore, mitotic progression is retarded in ASKL1 or Cdc7 siRNA-treated cells. Our results suggest that ASKL1 in a complex with Cdc7 may play a role in normal progression of both S and M phases.Cell cycle progression of eukaryotic cells is strictly regulated by a series of phosphorylation events. Among them, multiple cyclin-dependent kinases play crucial roles to facilitate the progression of cell cycle at various stages. Multiple cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases have been identified in various eukaryotes, each acting at specific stages of the cell cycles (1-7). Conserved cyclin-box sequences have been identified on the cyclin molecules, and significant homology is present in the kinase-conserved domains of various cyclin-dependent kinases (8, 9).Cdc7-Dbf4 is another family of serine-threonine kinases originally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10,11). Recent studies have shown conservation of Cdc7-Dbf4 kinases throughout evolution and their essential roles in DNA replication in higher eukaryotes (12-23). In fission yeast, the presence of a second set of Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase, Spo4-Spo6, was reported (24, 25), whereas only one set of Cdc7-Dbf4 has been identified on the genome of budding yeast. Spo4 and Spo6 were shown to play essential roles during meiosis but not during the mitotic cell cycle, in contrast to Hsk1-Dfp1/Him1, which is essential for cell viability. The presence of more than one Cdc7-Dbf4-related kinase in a single eukaryotic species suggests a possibility that they also constitute a novel kinase family, each member of which may play distinct roles in cell cycle progression.We have identified a novel human cDNA, designated ASKL1, 1 which shares significant homology with Dbf4 protein family. ASKL1 is identical to Drf1 reported recently by Montagnoli et al. (26). It was reported that Drf1 binds to huCdc7 and activates its kinase activity and ...

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Background: Enzymatic studies on the steps of mammalian DNA replication with purified proteins are essential to elucidate its mechanisms. Results: Association of Orc with oriP requires EBNA1 and is stimulated by Cdc6 directly interacting with EBNA1. Conclusion: EBNA1 recruits Cdc6/Orc at oriP, permitting site-specific assembly of pre-RC. Significance: This study provides novel insight into a mechanism for initiation of mammalian DNA replication with purified factors.

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The low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-mimetic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), decorated with MRI contrast agents, and fluorescent dyes, were prepared by the covalent attachment of apolipoprotin-mietic peptide (P), Gd(III)-chelate (Gd), and sulforhodamine B...