Background: Body image self-discrepancy reflects a preference for weight loss regardless of normal body size and is a distorted cognition that may be a precursor to eating disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with body image self-discrepancy among healthy junior high school students in Japan.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at one junior high school in Saitama, Japan, in December 2016. After excluding obese participants (defined as 20% above their ideal weight), 304 students (mean age, 13.9years; n=181 girls, 59.5%) who fell into underweight (n=22, 7.2%) and normal weight categories were selected. Body image self-discrepancy was measured using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale which includes eight separate figures representing body sizes. We then calculated the difference by subtracting ideal from current body sizes and defined body image self-discrepancy if the difference >1.Results: Girls constituted 92% (n=49) of the 53 students with body image self-discrepancy. In all students, multivariable stepwise models demonstrated that female gender (OR, 6.92, 95% CI: 2.33–20.51), a calorie-restricted diet (OR, 5.18, 95% CI: 2.22–12.05), and psychological symptoms (OR, 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15–1.87) were significantly associated with an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy. Specifically for girls, an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy was associated with calorie-restricted suppers and psychological symptoms.Conclusion: Body image self-discrepancy among healthy adolescents in Japan was found to be closely linked to being a girl, having a calorie-restricted diet, and having psychological symptoms.
We previously reported that ingestion of 60 mL of red wine or vodka prior to the ingestion of a pancake significantly inhibited the gastric emptying of the pancake in male subjects, but not in female subjects, and that the retention times of wine and vodka were significantly longer than those of the congener of red wine and mineral water in male subjects, whereas in female subjects the retention times of these four drinks did not differ significantly from one another. We hypothesized that the menstrual cycle may influence the gastric emptying of alcohol beverages. Here, we determined and compared the retention times of vodka and water in the stomach during the luteal phase and the follicular phase. Ten female healthy volunteers were studied. They recorded their basal body temperatures every day, and participated in the following experiments: each volunteer drank mineral water or vodka containing 14% alcohol (60 mL) during the low-temperature (follicular) phase as well as during the high-temperature (luteal) phase. The retention time of vodka was significantly longer than that of mineral water during the follicular phase, but no significant differences between the retention times of the two drinks were observed during the luteal phase. In conclusion, the menstrual cycle influences the gastric emptying rate of alcohol.Several studies (8,9,13,15) showed that alcohol consumption delayed the gastric emptying of meals in healthy male subjects, but these studies did not examine female subjects. We (1) observed that the ingestion of 60 mL of red wine or vodka prior to a pancake meal, significantly inhibited the gastric emptying of the pancake in male subjects, but not in female subjects. We later determined the retention times of vodka, red wine, the congener (a non-alcoholic component) of red wine, and mineral water (all 60 mL) in the stomach, and we (24) found that the retention times of wine and vodka were significantly longer than those of the congener and mineral water in the male subjects, but the retention time of these four beverages did not differ significantly from one another in the female subjects. Regarding the reason(s) why the alcohol beverages did not have elongated retention times in the stomachs of female subjects as they did in males, we hypothesized that the menstrual cycle may influence the gastric emptying rate of alcohol beverages. Although several studies (4,6,12,14) have assessed the effect of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, the results are conflicting; moreover, the effects of alcohol beverages on gastric emptying were not examined in those studies. In the present study, we determined and compared the retention times of vodka and water in the stomach during the luteal phase and the follicular phase. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis human study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokyo Kasei University. All participants provided their written informed consent.
We investigated some characteristics of the age-related meal intake tendency of Japanese in comparison with that of Americans. 1 The intake amount of energy of Japanese was highest between 15 and 19 years old. It showed a decrease in their 20s, and it did almost no change until when they become 60s. But the amount showed a decrease again in their 70s. The intake amount of energy of male Americans was highest around their 30s and showed a tendency to decrease with age. As for female Americans, the intake amount of energy kept lower than males. 2 As for the Japanese, the intake of fishery products exceeded that of poultry at the age of approximately 50. And it kept increasing after that. 3 The intake of vegetables of Japanese showed an increase with age. There was little difference between male and female in the amount of vegetable intake. 4 The intake of beans of Japanese showed a drastic increase with age. There was also little difference between male and female in the intake of beans. 5 The intake of fruit of Japanese showed a drastic increase in their 30s and after that with women taking more fr uit than men. Although the intake of food as to Americans showed a decrease in accordance with the decline of their physical strength, the intake of fruit did not show any decrease with age. 6 The foods (fishery products, vegetables and pulses), which intake amount Japanese increase with age, are good in nutrition, and will prevent lifestyle-related diseases. In recent years, however, the intake of the above food groups is decreasing in Japan, and so it is really important to utilize various ingredients and to succeed to traditional food.
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