Since the 1960s, improving socio-economic conditions in rural Japan have led to the rise in man-made or man-shaped landscapes, which has in turn resulted in formerly abundant species becoming endangered. In order to conserve biodiversity in rural areas, former agricultural landscapes must be conserved. The problem is that ecologically appropriate landscapes are not always compatible with the needs of local residents or land owners. Prior to carrying out any particular conservation measures, regional landscape management must consider both ecological and social approaches and present acceptable approach-specific management goals in an open and transparent manner. This study, undertaken in the Ohaga district of southwestern Japan, a typical rural area with terraced paddy fields, sought to develop a framework for evaluating regional resources from a landscape ecology perspective. Monitoring the temporal change of landscape structures and vegetation revealed the presence of habitats, such as the pine forest and grasslands bordering the rice paddies, which harbour specific plant species or populations, some now endangered. From a social standpoint, questionnaires revealed that local inhabitants wanted landscape management options which would conserve the pine forest, paddy fields and levee grasslands. Local farmers thought that the landscape should be used and managed as a rural park, rather than for agricultural purposes. These desirable landscape element types can serve as targets for conservation, but ultimately a new system of agricultural management must be developed to sustain the rural landscape.
Copper antimony disulfide (CuSbS2) is a promising candidate for solar absorber material owing to its high photoabsorption property and earth-abundant constituent elements. In this study, we fabricated CuSbS2 crystals of various nonstoichiometric compositions and investigated their optical and electric properties for their applications in photovoltaic devices. Band gap energies of CuSbS2 crystals thus-obtained were almost constant (ca. 1.5 eV) irrespective of their compositions. Hall-resistivity measurements exhibited that a CuSbS2 crystal with the compositional formula of 1.03/1.00/1.86 showed the best properties among the samples prepared in this study: the resistivity, hole concentration, and mobility of the sample were 1.4 Ω cm, 6.0 × 1016 cm−3, and 7.4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Although further optimization would be expected, the obtained properties are suitable for an absorber of photovoltaics.
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