Smoking displays the greatest impact on periodontitis among lifestyle-related factors. Both smoking and obesity are independent risk indicators for periodontitis; moreover, these parameters exhibit a dose-response relationship with respect to periodontitis risk.

These findings suggest that passive smoking classified in terms of salivary cotinine level may be an independent periodontitis risk indicator.

The present study investigated the association of lifestyles to periodontal health status of workers in a manufacturing company in Japan. In a annual health checkup, periodontal health status was assessed by using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) criteria and analysed by modified Miller's CPI score. Lifestyle information was also obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between lifestyle and oral health care variables and 2 indicators of periodontal health status. These were the modified Miller's CPI score and the probability of subjects in the upper 25th percentile of CPI distribution as an indicator of poor periodontal health. The modified Miller's CPI score was found to increase with age, but to vary according to the workers' lifestyles. In bivariate analyses, significant variables were age, smoking, alcohol consumption, toothbrushing frequency, toothbrushing method, and use of interdental cleaners. In multivariate analyses, age, smoking, and use of interdental cleaners had significantly independent effects. Amount of smoking or alcohol consumption was associated with periodontal health status. Excessive use of alcohol may contribute to the development of periodontal disease, although further investigations are required to confirm this finding. The data from this study indicate that lifestyles which include smoking and insufficient oral health care have an independent association with periodontal disease.

There is little information regarding the association between alcohol consumption and periodontitis risk. We assessed whether alcohol consumption and ALDH(2) genotypes were associated with periodontitis. Subjects' lifestyle was examined by a self-administered questionnaire, and the percentage of pocket depths > or = 3.5 mm was used as a periodontal parameter. ALDH(2) genotypes were determined with the use of a PCR/RFLP method. Multiple logistic analyses showed that alcohol consumption was significantly associated with periodontitis, and its odds ratio was 1.98. There was no significant relationship between periodontal status and ALDH(2) genotypes. However, ALDH(2)*1/*2 subjects who consumed > or = 33 g/day of alcohol had a significantly greater percentage of pocket depths > or = 3.5 mm than those whose daily consumption was lower, while there was no significant difference in periodontal status associated with alcohol consumption in ALDH(2)*1/*1 subjects. Our results suggest that alcohol consumption may be a risk indicator for periodontitis in ALDH(2)*1/*2 subjects who consume larger amounts of alcohol.

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Abstract:Association of Tooth Loss with Psychosocial Factors in Male Japanese Employees: Naoji HAYASHI, et al. Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University-It would seem that good psychosocial conditions would have a positive effect on oral health, but few data exist regarding the association of psychosocial factors with tooth loss. The association between psychosocial factors and tooth loss was studied in male industrial workers in Japan. In an annual health checkup, tooth loss status was assessed by oral examination in 252 workers (age 20 -59 yr). Information pertaining to psychosocial factors, lifestyle and oral health behavior was also obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. The mean tooth loss per worker showed a significant increasing trend with age. Mean tooth loss was 0.32 in the 20 -29-yr-old group, 0.82 in the 30-39-yr-old group, 1.28 in the 40-49-yr-old group and 2.91 in the 50-59-yr-old group. Bivariate analyses revealed that age (P<0.01) and alexithymia (P<0.05) were significantly associated with tooth loss. In contrast, work stress, depression, type A behavior, job and life-satisfaction were not significantly associated with tooth loss. In multivariate analyses, the associations of age (P<0.02) and alexithymia (P<0.05) remained statistically significant after adjustment for oral health behavior and lifestyle variables. We suggest that an alexithymic personality may affect tooth loss status in male employees. (J Occup Health 2001; 43: 351-355)

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This paper considers event-triggered and self-triggered control for discrete-time consensus problems. The event-triggered approach for multi-agent systems has attracted great attention in terms of reducing computation resources. In this paper, we show sufficient conditions to achieve an average consensus for centralized and distributed discrete-time event-triggered protocols. The results are then extended to self-triggered control where each agent computes its next update time based on the measurement errors of its neighbor agents.