The transcription factor p63, a component of the p53 family, has important functions in development, homeostasis, and regeneration of epithelial tissues. However, the role of p63 in the regeneration of exocrine glands, including the salivary glands (SGs), has not been fully investigated. We investigated p63 expression in SG regeneration induced by duct ligation and irradiation. The expression of DNp63, a p63 isoform, increased and was colocalized with keratin 5 positive cells were myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, DNp63 expression was regulated by FGF7 stimulation via p38 MAPK phosphorylation and affected SG morphogenesis. These results suggest that DNp63 is essential for SG regeneration and may be a new target for regenerative treatment.
Objectives/HypothesisTo modify liquid viscosity is a common practice used in patients with dysphagia to avoid aspiration. Although accidentally aspirating small amount occurs frequently in patient‐care settings, the effect of aspirating a small amount thickened fluids on lungs is not clear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of xanthan gum‐thickened liquid aspiration on the lungs.MethodsICR mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: saline, low thickened saline, and high thickened saline. To induce aspiration, we administered each reagent through a single intratracheal instillation at a dose of 0.3 ml kg−1 body weight. The mice were euthanized at specific time points (at 1, 3, and 7 days), and the respiratory clearance of the aspirated materials and the effects of the aspiration on lung tissue, physiological function, inflammatory responses, and alveolar capillary barrier permeability were evaluated.ResultsThe results showed that when thickened saline was aspirated, the aspirated material did not spontaneously resolve for at least a week in the lungs, though saline did. In addition, thickened saline aspiration caused short‐term inflammatory responses and a prolonged increase in alveolar capillary barrier permeability. The alterations of the alveolar capillary barrier permeability remained significantly elevated at day 7 in high thickened saline compared with saline. There were no significant differences in the physiological and histological findings between the aspiration of saline and thickened saline.ConclusionsThese results suggest that xanthan gum‐thickened liquid aspiration can extend the duration of lung injury.
The transcription factor, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), has previously been shown to upregulate the expression of hypoxia‐related genes, including erythropoietin (EPO). However, the role of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α in morphogenesis during salivary gland development is unclear. We investigated the function of HIF‐1α in submandibular gland (SMG) organ cultures obtained from embryonic day 13.5 embryos from ICR female mice. Expression of HIF‐1α, glucose transporter 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor was induced under hypoxia (5% O2). We further showed that BAY 87‐2243‐mediated inhibition of HIF‐1α suppressed salivary gland development. Under severe hypoxia (1% O2), HIF‐1α did not promote salivary gland development; this was due to suppression of cell proliferation and inhibition of the cell cycle and not because of autophagy and apoptosis. Additionally, using the inhibitor U0126, we verified that the ERK1/2 pathway is upstream of HIF‐1α. Overall, we found that the HIF‐1α signaling pathway plays a critical role in salivary gland development in ex vivo SMG organ cultures.
Aim Matching transformation system (MA‐T) is an on‐demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution that realizes excellent safety with various antimicrobial activities even under abundant organic compound. By using MA‐T in human oral care, we examined its effectiveness against bacteria causing oral infections such as periodontal disease and dental caries. Materials and Methods The participants of the 75th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Stomatological Society held on May 13 and 14, 2021, were enrolled in this study. Saliva samples were collected on the first day after normal oral care and on the second day after oral care with MA‐T. The total number of bacteria and the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were compared for the two samples on Days 1 and 2. Results Twenty‐two subjects met the study criteria. The total bacterial count and the number of T. forsythia on Day 2 were significantly lower than those on Day 1 (p = 0.000177 and p = 0.0186, respectively). The numbers of T. denticola and S. mutans tended to decrease, although not significantly (p = 0.100 and p = 0.251, respectively). Statistical analysis was not performed for P. gingivalis and C. albicans because of sample size. Conclusion MA‐T is putatively effective for oral hygiene. MA‐T oral care reduces bacteria that cause periodontal disease and dental caries compared with regular oral care. The results of this study suggest that MA‐T, a new disinfectant, can be applied to oral care and may reduce periodontal disease, dental caries, and other oral infections.
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