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Clove oil was emulsified in 1% w/w chitosan (CC emulsions) and 2.5% w/w sodium alginate matrix (CA emulsions) containing Tween 80 as the surfactant. Different homogenization speeds (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 rpm) were used to produce the emulsions, and the stability of the emulsions during storage (29 days) was determined. The stability of the emulsions containing clove oil prior to the solidification process was assessed when chitosan and sodium alginate were used as encapsulating materials. Different homogenization speeds resulted in polydisperse emulsions with a size of 2-3 μm and 90% of stability after 29 days of storage. Different homogenization speeds did not significantly affect the concentrations of the active compounds contained in the emulsions. However, these concentrations changed significantly after 29 days of storage when sodium alginate was used to make the emulsions and the homogenization speeds were ≥ 10,000 rpm. High temperature caused by the high viscosity of the solution and high energy dissipation during homogenization suggested that the emulsions composed of sodium alginate were unstable. Chitosan enabled a longer processing time during the clove oil encapsulation process compared to sodium alginate, when emulsification by homogenization was used. The stability of the emulsion of the clove oil-inchitosan matrix prior to the solidification step was superior. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Structuring protein foods to control the textural properties receives growing attention nowadays. It requires decoupling of the product properties such as water holding capacity and the mechanical properties from the actual protein concentration in the product. From an application point of view, both increasing and lowering the protein content in the food are interesting. Foods enriched with proteins are important due to their reported health benefits, but increasing the protein content in food products generally leads to products that are firmer and have a more rubbery mouth-feel than the regular products, making them less attractive. A reduced protein content, for example in meat- or cheese-analogues, is relevant because it leads to a lower caloric intake per serving and it enhances its economic potential. Decoupling of the protein concentration and product properties can be obtained by changing the internal structure of those food products. This paper outlines the use of protein aggregates and particles in a protein matrix as a tool to obtain different textural properties of a model protein product. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was taken as a model protein. However, further investigation of WPI microparticles should focus on a better understanding of their swelling behaviour in the protein matrix to fully use the potential of those protein particles as a tool to decouple product properties and actual protein concentration.

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