To determine the value of earth’s gravitational acceleration, physical pendulum experiment is preferred over simple pendulum experiment that was previously more popular. In physical pendulum experiment, the object is a rigid body. The swing period and swing shaft position are measured. From these two variables and using the applicable laws of motion, equations can be determined that involve constants which imply the value of the earth’s gravitational acceleration and the moment of inertia of objects pivoting at the center of mass. The independent variable in the equation is a function of the distance of the pendulum shaft to the center of mass based on the parallel-axis theorem, while the dependent variable is a swing period. Difficulty in solving equations is found because of the terms of the equation involving variables in different ranks. In order for the equation to be linear, a dependent variable and an independent variable are combined into new variables. After that, with the linear regression method, the constants of the equation can be determined which can then be determined the value of the earth’s gravitational acceleration and the moment of inertia of the object. The results obtained are quite satisfactory with a relatively smaller error value of 5%. Thus this physical pendulum experiment can be used to determine the earth’s gravitational acceleration and the moment of inertia of an object simultaneously.
AbstrakTujuan percobaan tarakalor mekanik adalah untuk membuktikan hukum kekekalan energi pada proses perubahan energi mekanik menjadi energi panas. Kalorimeter yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kalorimeter tembaga pejal, tembaga berongga, dan aluminium pejal. Kalorimeter dililit dengan tali yang digantungi beban dan diputar selama 120 detik sehingga timbul gesekan antara tali dengan kalorimeter. Panas yang timbul akibat gesekan diserap oleh kalorimeter. Setelah diputar selama 120 detik, putaran dihentikan dan diukur panasnya selama 240 detik. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang optimum, perlu memasukkan koreksi Newton laju pendinginan pada saat menghitung energi panas. Metoda yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dari data primer yang diperoleh dari percobaan di laboratorium dan pengolahan data berbantuan komputer. Pengaruh suhu lingkungan dalam konsep perubahan energi mekanik menjadi energi panas sangat kuat. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan perbandingan energi panas terhadap energi mekanik dengan memperhitungkan pengaruh suhu lingkungan lebih besar dari yang tanpa memperhitungkan pengaruh suhu lingkungan. Energi mekanik yang berubah menjadi energi panas masing-masing untuk kalorimeter tembaga berongga, tembaga pejal, dan aluminium pejal berturut-turut sebesar 80%, 89%, dan 84% tanpa koreksi Newton dan 92%, 95%, dan 94% dengan koreksi Newton. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa terdapat pengaruh signifikan penggunaan koreksi Newton dalam percobaan tarakalor mekanik. Kata-kata kunci: Tarakalor mekanik, kalorimeter, koreksi Newton, laju pendinginan AbstractThe aim of the mechanical heat experiment is to prove the conservation law of energy in the process of changing mechanical energy into heat energy. The calorimeter used in this study are solid copper calorimeter, empty copper calorimeter, and solid aluminium calorimeter. The calorimeter is wrapped around a load-hung rope and rotated for 120 seconds to create friction between the rope and the calorimeter. The heat arising from the friction is absorbed by the calorimeter. After rotating for 120 seconds, the rotation is stopped and the heat is measured for 240 seconds. To obtain optimum results, it is necessary to enter Newton's correction of the cooling rate when calculating the heat energy. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis from primary data taken in the laboratory and computer-assisted data processing. The influence of environmental temperature in the concept of changing the form of mechanical energy into heat energy is very strong. This is proved by the ratio of heat energy to mechanical energy by considering the influence of the environment temperature more than that without considering the influence of environment temperature. Mechanical energy that changes into heat for each empty copper calorimeter, solid copper calorimeter, and solid aluminium calorimeter are 80%, 89%, and 84% respectively without Newton correction and 90%, 94%, and 90% with Newton
Sistem getaran bebas yang ideal ditandai dengan gerak bolak balik periodik dengan besar amplitudo yang tetap. Pada kenyataannya, terhadap sistem getaran semacam ini, bekerja gaya luar yang akan meredam getaran sehingga amplitudonya akan berkurang secara terus menerus. Pada getaran teredam, selain amplitudo berubah, frekuensinya juga akan berbeda dengan frekuensi getaran bebas. Telah diteliti fenomena getaran rotasional batang homogen yang melekat pada pegas torsional dan mengalami redaman karena adanya gesekan udara baik secara teoritis maupun secara empiris. Pada dasarnya karakteristik getaran rotasional mirip dengan getaran translasi. Peubah yang diamati adalah amplitudo sudut simpangan serta perioda getar. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan bantuan kamera video dan pencacah digital. Hasil pengamatan empiris memperkuat solusi dari persamaan diferensial yang diperoleh melalui analisis teoritis terhadap sistem getaran teredam. Hasil penelitian terhadap sistem getaran batang dan pegas yang bersifat mekanik ini dikembangkan untuk meninjau fenomena fluktuasi ekonomi yang terjadi di Indonesia, dengan menggunakan analogi antara peristiwa fisika dengan peristiwa ekonomi (fisika ekonomi).
Thermal physics experiments often require accurate data about the thermal condition of the observed object so that its temperature should be measured. The object temperature, which is observed directly using a measuring instrument, does not represent its actual thermal condition because there is an influence of the object temperature and the ambient temperature differences, especially if the object is not in adiabatic isolation. Newton’s Law on cooling or heating rate is used to determine the actual object temperature if the ambient influence is eliminated. The method used in this research is matching analyses between mathematical solutions and empirical data. In thermal physics experiments in laboratories, particularly in the Basic Physics Laboratory, the influence of ambient temperature-known as Newton Correction-often uses a linear temperature-change approach to time. Thus, an analysis of the differential equation model of Newton’s Law of cooling and heating rates is carried out. The result shows that the objects temperature function over time is in the form of an exponential function, both for a constant ambient temperature, and an ambient temperature that changes over time. The result of this analysis is also in line with the experimental data of the Mechanical Heat Equivalence experiment conducted in the Basic Physics Laboratory of Bandung State Polytechnic.
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