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4D printed objects are indexed under additive manufacturing (AM) objects.

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Rapid prototyping (RP) uses a cycle where a real model is made by explicitly adding material as thin cross-sectional layers. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer is being use for synthesis of ABS based bone hammer. Response surface methodology (RSM) based L27 design of experiment were adopted to perform the experiment using four influencing parameters such as layer thickness, infill percentage, orientation and nozzle temperature for the three responses deflection, hardness and weight. Response surface methodology was used for modelling and optimization of considered process parameters. In present investigation, it is evident that bone hammer fabrication process parameters have been optimized on data such as bone hammer weight 19.8091g, hardness 104.5921 BHN, and force of 15 degree deflection 36.0681 N has been produced with RSM prediction with influence of process parameters such as layer thickness 0.250 mm, infill percentage 63.3333, orientation 60 degree, nozzle temperature 240°C.

The purpose of the investigation is to review self-healing mechanisms and various advanced self-healing materials which are recently used for repairing composite materials. The manufacturing and characterization processes are studied in depth for self-healing carbon fiber reinforced composites, microcapsules, and supra-molecular elastomers. The composite structures fail due to internal cracks. These cracks are initiated due to continuous loading of structures. It is not possible to fill those cracks especially when the structures are at remote locations. Self-healing materials are designed and prepared to heal their cracks. The present review is about self-healing materials used for the fabrication of composites. It is expected that future applications are based on such advanced self-healing composite materials and thus it is needed to review advanced self-healing composite structures. A brief review of self-healing techniques and materials as well as applications are discussed in the present investigation. The efficient and effective manufacturing techniques are suggested through the article.