Two tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists infliximab (a chimeric monoclonal antibody) and etanercept (a p75 TNF receptor/Fc fusion protein) have been approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, these agents have shown differ-

Pertussis toxin (PTX) is a potent ancillary adjuvant used to elicit several different autoimmune diseases, including experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). To delineate the genetics of PTX effect in EAE, we mapped EAE-modifying (eae-m) loci in cohorts of backcross mice immunized with and without PTX. In this study, we analyzed the genetic basis of EAE susceptibility and severity and the intermediate phenotypes of mononuclear cell infiltration, suppuration, and demyelination. In animals immunized with PTX, one major locus, eae9, controls disease susceptibility and severity. Eae9 also regulates the extent of mononuclear cell infiltration of the spinal cord in male mice. Without PTX, five eae-m loci were noted, including three new loci in intervals on chromosomes 8 (eae14), 10 (eae17), and 18 (eae18). Taken together, these results suggest that eae9 controls the effects of PTX in EAE susceptibility, and is capable of overriding the other genetic checkpoints in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Our data suggest that selection of ETT size in male patients should include height as a predictive factor. For female patients, it may be appropriate to select a uniformly smaller diameter ETT size.

Ecthyma gangrenosum is a cutaneous lesion frequently associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, although it may develop in the absence of bacteremia and may originate from other bacterial and fungal organisms. Ecthyma gangrenosum most often occurs in patients with neutropenia and other immunocompromised hosts. It typically occurs on the extremities and gluteal and perineal regions. We report a rare case of ecthyma gangrenosum presenting as an aggressive necrotic skin lesion on the nasal ala of a patient with myelofibrosis. Tissue and blood cultures were positive for P aeruginosa. This clinical entity should be considered when otolaryngologists are asked to evaluate necrotic cutaneous lesions of the head and neck.

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Objective To gather input regarding the presentation, content, and understanding of survival and support information for Prognostigram, a computer-based program that uses standard cancer registry data elements to present individualized survival estimates. Study Design Cross-sectional survey research Methods Two groups of patients (total n=40) and one group of physicians (n=5) were interviewed. The patient groups were interviewed to assess baseline patient numeracy and health literacy and patient desire for prognostic information. The first group (n=20) was introduced to generalized survival curves in a paper booklet. The second group (n=20) was introduced to individualized survival curves from Prognostigram on the computer. Both patient groups were queried about the survival curves. The physicians were asked their opinions on sharing prognostic information with patients. Results Numeracy assessments indicated that the patients are able to understand concepts and statistics presented by Prognostigram. According to the patient interviews, the Internet is the most frequent source for survival statistics. Of the 40 patient participants, 39 reported survival statistics as being “Somewhat” or “Very” useful to cancer patients. All five physicians believed survival statistics were useful to patients and physicians and noted accurate and understandable survival statistics are fundamental to facilitate discussions with patients regarding prognosis and expectations. Conclusion Formative research indicates that cancer patients and their families actively seek survival statistics on their own. All patients indicated strong interest in Prognostigram, which is a software tool designed to produce individualized survival statistics to oncologists and cancer patients in a user-friendly manner.

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Transgenic tools that overexpress proteins or desired factors at certain targets are available, thus circumventing methodological difficulties in drug delivery, maintenance of constant neurotrophic factor concentrations and the comorbidities associated with achieving these aims. In this chapter, we will outline the advancements made in peripheral nerve research using transgenic mouse models. We focus on transgenic tools that have fluorescing nervous system components, overexpress factors at desired targets, or knockout mice with hereditable or modifiable deficits.