Produksi olahan pangan dari buah-buahan selalu menghasilkan limbah kulit dalam pengolahannya. Limbah tersebut hanya dibuang dan dibiarkan menumpuk begitu saja oleh mansyarakat. Apabila tidak ditangani secara cepat akan menghasilkan bau yang tidak sedap sehingga akan mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu alternatif yang dapat dilakukan yaitu dengan cara mengolah limbah tersebut menjadi pupuk organik cair dengan proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan hara makro dan kualitas dari pupuk organik cair, mengetahui waktu fermentasi optimum, harga pokok produksi dan BEP dari proses pembuatan pupuk organik cair. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan EM4, ragi, dan air gula ke dalam reaktor yang berisi limbah kulit buah yaitu kulit pisang, mangga dan nanas. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 34 hari dan dilakukan pengambilan sampel pada hari ke-7, 14, 24 dan 34 untuk dianalisis kandungan hara makro yang terdiri dari C-Organik, P, dan K dengan metode spektrofotometri UV/VIS, SSA dan N dengan metode Kjeldahl. Pada penelitian ini dihasilkan pupuk organik cair yang terbaik yaitu campuran limbah kulit pisang, mangga dan nanas dengan waktu fermentasi 7-14 hari dan kandungan unsur C-Organik, N-total, K2O, dan P2O5 masing-masing sebesar 17,4; 6,05; 2,50 dan 0,15 %. Pupuk organik cair yang dihasilkan sudah memenuhi baku mutu dari Permentan Nomor 261 tahun 2019 kecuali kandungan P2O5, walaupun demikian pupuk organik cair yang diperoleh ini memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik dibanding beberapa pupuk yang sudah dijual secara komersial. Biaya pokok produksi dari pembuatan POC ini sebesar Rp 770.554 dengan Break Event Point (BEP) pada 10 liter.

ABSTRAK  Sifat toksik nitrogen amoniak dalam limbah cair berbahaya bagi kehidupan sehingga perlu untuk dihilangkan. Pada penelitian ini penyisihan kadar amoniak yang tinggi dalam limbah cair industri pupuk dilakukan melalui proses nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi menggunakan Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Dua reaktor SBR digunakan dimana pada reaktor pertama (R1) dilakukan pengadukan dan pada reaktor kedua (R2) dilakukan aerasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pembebanan 0,787 mg amoniak/L/hari dan Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 20 hari, efisiensi penyisihan kadar amoniak mampu dicapai pada kisaran 71,26%-90,91% (R1) dan 62,32% -92,21% (R2). Pengukuran pH pada HRT 20 hari berada pada rentang 8,25-8,65 pada R1 dan pH 8,34-8,73 pada R2. Pada HRT 15 hari, efisiensi penyisihan kadar amoniak efluen pada R1 menurun yaitu dari 90,89 % menjadi 86,81% dan pada R2 menurun dari 90,59% menjadi 40,99 %. Pada HRT 15 hari, efisiensi penyisihan kadar amoniak pada R1 lebih baik dibandingkan pada R2 yang disebabkan adanya penambahan aerasi pada R1 di akhir penelitian. Kata kunci: amoniak, limbah cair, industri pupuk, sequencing batch reactor   ABSTRACT  The toxic nature of ammonia nitrogen in liquid waste is dangerous for life, so it needs to be eliminated. In this study, the removal of high ammonia levels in the fertilizer industry wastewater was carried out through a process of nitrification and denitrification using the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Two SBR reactors were used where the first reactor (R1) was stirred and the second reactor (R2) was aerated. The results showed that at a load of 0.787 mg of ammonia/L/day and 20 days of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), the efficiencies of removal of ammonia levels were achieved in the range of 71.26%-90.91% (R1) and 62.32%- 92.21% (R2). The pH measurements at 20 days of HRT were in the range of 8.25-8.65 at R1 and pH 8.34-8.73 at R2. At 15 days of HRT, the effluent ammonia level removal efficiency at R1 decreased from 90.89% to 86.81% and at R2 decreased from 90.59% to 40.99%. At 15 days of HRT, the efficiency of ammonia level removal at R1 was better than that in R2 due to the addition of aeration to R1 at the end of the study. Keywords: ammonia, liquid waste, fertilizer industry, sequencing batch reactor

No abstract

No abstract

Pandan leaves (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) are widely used as aroma ingredients, spices, flavouring ingredients, and green givers on dishes or snacks. The extracts of Pandan leaves consist of a number of active compounds in a group of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and dyes. From several research results, these active compounds can be obtained through Soxhlet extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction and maceration. However, the type of extraction above requires a relatively longer time with low yield extract. In this research Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method using water as solvent. Varying microwave power and extraction time were used to extract active compounds from pandan leaves. The results of this research showed that the highest yield of pandan leaves extract obtained was 23.53 percent at 450 Watt microwave power. Based on the phytochemical test, it was found that pandan leaves extract positively contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Using spectrophotometry method obtained the highest flavonoid concentration of 0.4130 percent at 450 Watt microwave power.

No abstract

X. campestris is aerobic bacteria producing extracellular biopolymers (EPS, extracellular polysaccharide) known as xanthan gum. To determine the technology and the process conditions appropriate to the formation of this product, therefore the understanding of both the kinetics of growth and metabolite production of bacteria is needed. In this research, to assess the growth of X. campestris using the method of calculation of dry cell weight. For determining the kinetics of production of metabolite used substrates of 4% liquid sugar from cassava starch hydrolysate. From this research was showed that X. campestris maximum growth in NB medium obtained in about 58 th hour, at the growth rate of about 0.04 g / hour, stationary phase obtained at the 60 th hour with a maximum dry cell weight of 2.7688 g/L and specific growth rate (μ) of X. campestris amounted to 0.043 hour -1. Based on the kinetic curves both on growth and its metabolite production, X.campestris has non-growth associated product pattern. In this case the production of xanthan gum occured after cell growth stopped then its product is a secondary metabolite with highest amount of 3.73 g / L at 102 nd hour, ie the 4 th day of fermentation. Overall of this research indicated that Nutrient Broth (NB) may be used for the growth of X. campestris. But based on the value of μ above, the rate of cell reproduction was still low. Liquid sugar can be used as a substrate to produce xanthan gum. However to increase its productivity, there should be an addition of other carbon or energy and nitrogen sources.

In the fermentation industry, the role of medium is very important in increasing the growth rate of microbes. Nutrient Agar (NA) is one of the common medium used for growth and increase regeneration X.campestris, while Luria-Bertani medium (LB) is usually used for matters related to X.campestris productivity in producing xanthan gum. To increase the productivity of X.campestris and xanthan gum rendement, this research used medium variation of Nutrient Broth (NB) added with mineral plus inducer and Luria-Bertani Broth (LBB) with 4% substrate of liquid sugar and 2% maize, respectively. Based on FT-IR analysis, both substrates can produce xanthan gum which qualitatively has been compatible with commercial xanthan gum. The 4% liquid sugar yielded of 34.20% - 57.88%, while 2% maize was 54.93% - 73.61%. The use of NB and LBB produced xanthan gum with viscosity of 28-31 cPs and 15-30 cPs, respectively. These viscosity values indicated that xanthan gum can be used as a thickener in its application in industry. Precipitation using a combination of salt with IPA did not provide significant changes to the xanthan gum gain. This is due to the low number of bonds between the cations of the salt and the anions of the xanthan solution.