This systematic review of quality domains will be relevant and useful to those who are developing and using performance measurement and improvement frameworks for adult and child populations within or across the health, social service or education sectors.

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Dual-eligible Medicaid-Medicare beneficiaries represent a group of people who are in the lowest income bracket in the US, have numerous co-morbidities and place a heavy financial burden on the US healthcare system. As cost-effectiveness analyses are used to inform national policy decisions and to determine the value of implemented chronic disease control programmes, it is imperative that complete and valid determination of healthcare utilization and costs can be obtained from existing state and federal databases. Differences and inconsistencies between the Medicaid and Medicare databases have presented significant challenges when extracting accurate data for dual-eligible beneficiaries. To describe the challenges inherent in merging Medicaid and Medicare claims databases and to present a protocol that would allow successful linkage between these two disparate databases. Healthcare claims and costs were extracted from both Medicaid and Medicare databases for King County, Seattle, WA, USA. Three Medicaid files were linked to eight Medicare files for unique dual-eligible beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although major differences were identified in how variables and claims were defined in each database, our method enabled us to link these two different databases to compile a complete and accurate assessment of healthcare use and costs for dual-eligible beneficiaries with a costly chronic condition. For example, of the 1759 dual-eligible beneficiaries with diabetes, the average cost of healthcare was USD 15,981 per capita, with an average of 76 claims per person per year. The resulting merged database provides a virtually complete documentation of both utilization and costs of medical care for a population who receives coverage from two different programmes. By identifying differences and implementing our linkage protocol, the merged database serves as a foundation for a broad array of analyses on healthcare use and costs for effectiveness research.

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