Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a promising agent for successful Tetranychus urticae Koch control through conservation techniques, in strawberry crops in La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). In prey-predator interaction, initial relative densities have an important effect on system dynamics. The economic threshold level (ETL) used for this pest in the present study was 50 active mites per leaflet. In our laboratory experiments, initial T. urticae to N. californicus ratio had a significant effect on the population abundance of T. urticae at a 7-day period. When pest/predator ratio was 5/1 (at initial pest densities from 5 to 15 females/leaflet) the final number of active T. urticae/leaflet was significantly lower than the ETL, while at 20 females/leaflet this number did not differ from the ETL. At 7.5/1 ratio, the final number of active T. urticae/leaflet, at initial pest densities from 5 to 15 females/leaflet, reached the ETL without surpassing it. At 10/1 and 15/1 ratios, pest densities exceeded the ETL only at 15 initial T. urticae/leaflet. Most greenhouse and field observations were consistent with the predictions of a graphical model based on experimental results. This predator was very effective in limiting pest densities at a 7-day period and within the range of pest-predator ratios and absolute densities used in this study. Conservation of N. californicus promoting favorable pest/predator ratios may result in early control of T. urticae.

The effects of global change and globalization of trade on the biosphere spur an increase in bioinvasions and their subsequent impact on ecosystems. Continental invading bivalves are important because of their impact on artificially-constructed structures. Limnoperna fortunei was first found in the Neotropical region in 1991. Since then it has dispersed upstream in the Plata and Guaíba basins at a rate of 240 km y(-1). This species causes macrofouling in a manner similar to that caused by Dreissena polymorpha. This paper describes the biology of L. fortunei larvae from a hydroelectric power plant in South America. We suggest the importance of knowing the biology of the invading species and the need to consider the settlement patterns and densities of larvae in each of the sectors of the facility in order to achieve a sustainable prevention/control of macrofouling. This study acquires a global significance under the assumption that L. fortunei will eventually invade North America and Europe.

The invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is considered one of the most harmful pests in corn, rice and cotton crops and has developed resistance to the most widespread methods used to control it, chemical insecticides and transgenic crops based on Bt toxins. On the other hand, gut microbiota plays an important role in the insect's fitness, and metatranscriptomic analyses of the insect host are an invaluable tool for identifying new pest control targets. Notwithstanding, there are extremely few reports on the functionally active profile of the gut microbiota in insects, especially in lepidopterans. Moreover, most studies have only described the bacterial community even though all the components of the microbiota, Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses, influence different physiological aspects of the insect host. This is the first time an unbiased and comprehensive metatranscriptomic approach has been used to describe the taxonomic and functional profile of the gut microbiota of S. frugiperda larvae, both bacterial and non‐bacterial. We identified novel and very active components which were putatively playing an important nutritional role, such as ammonia‐oxidizing Archaea and Bacteria, and a xylan‐ and hemicellulose‐degrading Actinobacteria. This analysis also allowed us to identify potential biocontrol agents.

Tetranychus urticae is a serious pest of several crops worldwide. It performs differentially on diverse hostplant species. Because dispersion is mainly passive, the process of host-plant selection should be viewed in terms of host-plant acceptance and not in terms of host finding. The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the acceptance of strawberry (S) in comparison with onion (O), leek (L) and parsley (P) by T. urticae; and (2) the suitability of these host plants for the performance of T. urticae, in terms of fecundity and survival. Host-plant acceptance was measured through females that settled on a test plant or females that left for another host plant. In another experiment, for a duration of 5 days, individual newly mated females were assigned to discs of each host plant and the fecundity, the maximum number of offspring obtained from one female that settled on the disc, the survival and the percentage of females that oviposited at least one egg were analysed. A choice test to measure the preference of females for different host plants was performed. Movements took place towards (S) from the three plants: (O), (L) and (P). Mites significantly moved to other places in the Petri dishes from leek-origin discs. Dispersal of T. urticae from (S) to other host-plant discs was similar for all plants. Mean fecundity was higher on (S) than on the other plants. The maximum number of offspring per female was highest on (S), lowest on (L) and (O), and intermediate on (P). Survival of females and percentage of females that laid at least one egg were independent of the host plant. The choice test showed that oviposition was higher on (S) and (P) and very poor on (L) and (O) and that more females settled on (S) and (P). Although mites migrated from parsley to strawberry, the first host plant has a higher acceptance of T. urticae in terms of maximum number of offspring per female than onion and leek, and a lower performance in terms of fecundity than strawberry. Parsley could be a good candidate for an associate plant in a strawberry crop; however, it needs more research under field conditions.

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The Culicoides communities have been analyzed between 1993/1998

Cannibalism (CANN) and intraguild predation (IGP) may provide energy and nutrients to individuals and eliminate potential competitors. These negative competitive interactions could also affect the coexistence of predatory species. The co‐occurrence of aphidophagous ladybird species in crops creates opportunities for CANN and IGP, especially when aphids become scarce. The Lotka–Volterra model predicts the coexistence of two species if intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific interference interactions. Cycloneda sanguinea L. and Eriopis connexa (Germar) (both Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) coexist in sweet pepper crops in La Plata (Argentina) consuming mainly Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The present study used laboratory experiments to estimate levels of CANN and IGP by adults and larvae on eggs, and by adults on larvae, in both the presence and absence of prey (i.e., M. persicae), to explain the effect of prey on coexistence of these two predators. Levels of CANN by C. sanguinea and E. connexa were high in the absence of aphids, and decreased when prey was present. Intraguild predation was bidirectional and asymmetric. Adults and larvae of E. connexa were more voracious IG predators of C. sanguinea than vice versa, the former being the stronger IG predator and interference competitor. Eriopis connexa always won when larvae of the same instar were compared, whereas the larger larva always won when larvae were of different instars, regardless of species. In the presence of prey, CANN by both species decreased, but IGP by E. connexa on C. sanguinea remained high, suggesting that E. connexa could displace C. sanguinea via interspecific interference competition. Other factors potentially affecting the coexistence of C. sanguinea and E. connexa in sweet pepper crops are discussed.