Most naked mole-rats Heterocephalus glaber are countershaded, with purple-grey dorsal but pale pink ventral skin. The exceptions to this coloration pattern are uniformly pink, and include newborn pups, most queens and breeding males, and very old animals. Countershading begins to appear at 2±3 weeks of age and begins to disappear at c. 7 years of age. Countershading may provide camou¯age when young naked mole-rats are above ground attempting to disperse. Therefore, reproductives and older workers may lose this coloration once they are unlikely to leave the burrow. Alternative hypotheses for pigmentation that we considered include: thermoregulation, and protection from abrasion or from damaging ultraviolet radiation. These hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but do lead to different predictions regarding the development of pigmentation and which colony members should be countershaded.
T h e origins anti development of concepts of justice are exaniinecl from three theoretical points of view-learning theory, psychoanalysis, and cognitive developmental theory. Cognitive developmental theory and research, particularly the work of Piaget and Kohlberg, has contributed most to our understanding of children's ideas o f justice and how these change and mature. Empirical data supporting the hypothesis that concepts o f justicedevelop through a fixed and invariant sequence of stages is reviewed together with hypotheses and studies related to t h e process of transition from one stage to the next. Knowledge about the course of development needs to be supple~nented, through systematic research, with information about aspects of the socialization process as antecedents of mature concepts of justice and o f behavior consistent with these concepts.
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