The New Urban Agenda commits UN member states to the implementation of national urban plans, and this recentralization of urban governance reverses nearly three decades of political decentralization and devolution. The recentralization of urban governance is evident in Tanzania, where the most recent industrial development strategy articulates a spatial plan aimed at integrating the country with regional and global markets. The lynchpin of this spatial plan is Bagamoyo, a small city located approximately 60 km north of Dar es Salaam. It is situated at the confluence of two development corridors, and as a result it was designated the most appropriate location for a greenfield port and an export processing zone. In the context of Bagamoyo's top-down transformation, authorities situated at the city and district levels struggle to expand services and infrastructure to accommodate a growing population and expanded urban area. In this article we present original research and narrate the evolution of a city in motion; we focus on the city's fragmented water network and hybrid solid waste management services, and we explain how residents secure access to water and reduce exposure to waste on an everyday basis. We show that residents connect with the 'heterogeneous infrastructure configuration' in a range of ways, and many residents effortlessly switch from one to another in the event of a disruption (e.g. water shortage in the formal public system). We conclude that Bagamoyo's infrastructure and services should be configured to foster meso-level connections,
Despite increasing efforts during data collection, nonresponse remains sizeable in many household surveys. Statistical adjustment is hence unavoidable. By reweighting the design, weights of the respondents are adjusted to compensate for nonresponse. However, there is no consensus on how this should be carried out in general. Theoretical comparisons are inconclusive in the literature, and the associated simulation studies involve hypothetical situations not all equally relevant to reality. In this article we evaluate the three most common reweighting approaches in practice, based on real data in Norway from the two largest household surveys in the European Statistical System. We demonstrate how cross- examination of various reweighting estimators can help inform the effectiveness of the available auxiliary variables and the choice of the weight adjustment method.
As immigration has become a global phenomenon in recent years, a number of European countries, including Ireland, have experienced an influx of immigrants, causing a shift in their national demographics. Therefore, it is important that the EU-LFS yield reliable labour-force estimates not only for the whole population, but also for the immigrant population.This article uses simulation techniques to compare the effectiveness of four different weighting mechanisms in order to improve the precision of the labour-force estimates from the Irish component of the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) called the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS). The four weighting methodologies for comparison include the original and the current weighting scheme of the QNHS as well as our two proposed alternative weighting schemes. The simulation results show that by modifying the current QNHS weighting mechanism, we can improve the accuracy of the labour-force estimates of the immigrant population in Ireland without affecting the estimates of the whole population and the Irish nationals.This article highlights potential issues that other countries with new immigrant populations may face when using the EU-LFS for immigration research, and our recommendations may be useful to researchers and national statistical offices in such countries.
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