Interrater reliability of the MAS may be lower than desired for clinical use for muscles other than hamstrings and elbow flexors, and intrarater reliability may also be lower than desired for muscles other than the hamstrings.

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Some researchers have proposed that women prefer care reasoning, which considers issues of need and sacrifice, and men prefer justice reasoning, which considers issues of fairness and rights. However, differences in approach to moral reasoning may be due to the different types of dilemmas women and men encounter rather than to differences in the ways men and women approach moral problems. The present study employed parenting dilemmas to determine whether restriction of domain would reduce gender differences in moral reasoning orientation. Dilemmas were presented or elicited and differed in difficulty, importance, and personal relevance to investigate the relationship between situational characteristics and care or justice reasoning. Women and men did not differ in their use of care or justice reasoning when the domain was restricted, supporting the conclusion that differences in moral reasoning orientation result from differences in current life situations rather than from stable gender characteristics. Press 0361-6843193 $5.00 + 85In 1982, Gilligan published her controversial book In a Different Voice, proposing that women and men approach moral problems with different assumptions and concerns. According to Gilligan, women tend to use the care orientation to moral reasoning. The care approach considers hurt, response, understanding, relationship, and interdependence as primary concerns. Persons using the care approach resolve moral problems by considering the needs of individuals in particular situations and seeking a resolution that will reduce the inevitable hurt experienced by each person affected by the dilemma. Gilligan proposed that men primarily employ a justice approach that considers rights, autonomy, fairness, equality, rationality, and respect for authority as central issues in moral problem solving. Justice reasoning requires the application of general principles to specific situations. Gilligan, basing her argument on Chodorow's work (1978), argued that moral reasoning is derived from experiences in infancy and childhood. Where children are reared by mothers primarily, girls are able to model their sexual identity on the parent with whom they interact most closely. Thus girls' primary experience of self involves connectedness. Boys, on the other hand, must develop a sense of separateness and autonomy as they mature to establish a sexual identity that is clearly different from that of their mothers. These differences in early experience give rise to genderrelated differences in the organization of thought. Boys develop a preference for modes of reasoning that give priority to separateness and objectivity, whereas girls come to prefer a subjective, relational approach to problem solving. The assumption that gender-related differences in moral reasoning derive from experiences in early childhood implies that these differences will be relatively enduring personal characteristics that will exhibit cross-situational stability.Hare-Mustin and Marecek (1988) cautioned that Gilligan's theory may derive from ...

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical instructors' (CIs') acceptance of and self-reported adherence to instructions for use of The Blue MACS (5th edition) for evaluating the clinical performance of physical therapist students. Subjects and Methods. One hundred twenty-four usable survey instruments were returned by CIs. Results. Twenty-two items from The Blue MACS were collapsed into a score representing acceptance, and 10 items were collapsed into a score representing reported adherence to instructions. Ninety-six percent of the CIs surveyed expressed a positive opinion of the instrument. Ninety-eight percent of the CIs reported at least moderately consistent adherence to instructions. Conclusion and Discussion. The instrument was regarded as a useful tool, and most CIs reported using the instrument according to the instructions. A positive opinion of the clinical performance assessment instrument is desirable to facilitate its use by CIs. Consistent use by different CIs is desirable to promote accurate communication among students, CIs, and the educational institution. [Hrachovy J, Clopton N, Baggett K, et al. Use of The Blue MACS: acceptance by clinical instructors and self-reports of adherence. Phys Ther. 2000;80:652-661.]

Research into gender differences in moral reasoning may require that gender clues be removed from interview transcripts so that the gender of respondents is concealed. In the present study, graduate students were asked to read such transcripts and guess the gender of the respondent. Graduate students were able to guess the gender of the respondent with significant accuracy. Female and male students were equally accurate, and experience with interviewing or with transcripts did not increase accuracy in guessing the gender of the respondent.

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