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A revision of the 45 species of the pantropical genusXylopiain Tropical Africa includes descriptions of six new species and a new section of the genus. The fruits and seeds ofXylopiashow specializations that promote vertebrate dispersal, primarily by hornbills and monkeys. Over half of the African species have an Area of Occupancy (AOO) less than 80 km2, suggesting that they are in need of protection. African species are classified into five sections. Section Neoxylopia , with four species, is centered in the Guineo-Congolian Region and includesX.globosasp. nov.Section Ancistropetala, with three species, occurs in the same region. Both of these sections are endemic to Africa. Section Xylopia, which extends to Madagascar and the American tropics, has only a single species in Africa,X.aethiopica. The three species of section Verdcourtiasect. nov.are restricted to the East African coast and Madagascar. The largest number of African species, (34) belong to section Stenoxylopia, in which the seeds lack the arils found in the other sections and instead have a fleshy sarcotesta. Section Stenoxylopia is divided into two informal groups, one centered in eastern and southern Africa (X.odoratissimagroup) and the other centered in the wetter forests of western and central Africa (X.acutifloragroup). Five new species are described in section Stenoxylopia:Xylopianiloticasp. nov.from Sudan, South Sudan, and Uganda,Xylopiacalvasp. nov.from Nigeria and Cameroon, which is allied toX.phloiodora, andXylopiamonticolasp. nov.from Nigeria and Cameroon,X.pirataesp. nov.from Ivory Coast and Ghana, andX.unguiculatasp. nov.from Gabon. The latter three species are segregates of the formerXylopiaacutifloras. l. One new combination is made at the species level,X.shirensiscomb. nov.Keys, descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and an index to numbered collections document diversity and assist with species identification. The nameUnonaoliverianaBaill. was found to pre-date the nameUnonalepidotaOliv., requiring the combinationMeiocarpidiumoliverianumcomb. nov.

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Annonaceae is a major pantropical family with 113 genera and about 2550 species. Cameroon is one of the most biodiverse countries in Africa but its flora remains incompletely known. In this volume of the Flora of Cameroon, we describe 166 native taxa representing 163 species in 28 native genera within the family Annonaceae. A total of 22 species (about 13%) are endemic to the country. We provide keys to all native genera, species, and infraspecific taxa. For each species a detailed morphological description and a map of its distribution in Cameroon are provided. Distribution maps and diversity analyses are based on a taxonomically verified database of 2073 collections. Across Africa, Cameroon is a center of diversity for Annonaceae harboring one of the highest numbers of species and genera. For example, Cameroon harbors the highest number of African species for the only pantropical genus of Annonaceae, Xylopia. Annonaceae are found across all 10 administrative regions of Cameroon but diversity is concentrated within the tropical rain forest areas situated in the south and South-West. The areas around Bipindi and Mount Cameroon show the highest levels of diversity, but this is correlated with collection effort. Line drawings and/or photographs accompany most species. One species new to science Uvariopsis etugeana Dagallier & Couvreur sp. nov. is described. We also undertake a number of nomenclatural changes such as lectotypifications, six new synonymies and two new combinations (Uvaria anisotricha (Le Thomas) Couvreur, comb. nov.; Uvariodendron fuscum var. giganteum (Engl.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. nov.).