Degranulation of mast cells and basophils during the allergic response is initiated by Ag-induced cross-linking of cell surface IgE-FcεRI receptor complexes. To investigate how separation distances between cross-linked receptors affect the competency of signal transduction, we synthesized and characterized bivalent dinitrophenyl (DNP)-modified dsDNA oligomers with rigid spacing lengths of ∼40–100 Å. All of these bivalent ligands effectively bind and cross-link anti-DNP IgE with similar affinities in the nanomolar range. The 13-mer (dsDNA length of 44 Å), 15-mer (51 Å), and flexible 30-mer ligands stimulate similar amounts of cellular degranulation, about one-third of that with multivalent Ag, whereas the 20-mer (68 Å) ligand is less effective and the rigid 30-mer (102 Å) ligand is ineffective. Surprisingly, all stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of FcεRI β, Syk, and linker for activation of T cells to similar extents as multivalent Ag at optimal ligand concentrations. The magnitudes of Ca2+ responses stimulated by these bivalent DNP-dsDNA ligands are small, implicating activation of Ca2+ mobilization by stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation as a limiting process. The results indicate that structural constraints on cross-linked IgE-FcεRI complexes imposed by these rigid DNP-dsDNA ligands prevent robust activation of signaling immediately downstream of early tyrosine phosphorylation events. To account for these results, we propose that activation of a key downstream target is limited by the spacing between cross-linked, phosphorylated receptors and their associated components.

Aggregation of Fc epsilonRI, the high-affinity receptor for IgE, on RBL-2H3 mast cells caused by reversible ligands such as multivalent antigen causes cellular responses that can be halted by subsequent addition of excess monovalent ligand. In contrast, Ca2+ and degranulation responses elicited by effectively irreversible streptavidin cross-linking of biotinylated IgE-Fc epsilonRI are not stopped by addition of excess biotin after stimulation is initiated. These results support previous conclusions based on studies with covalent oligomers of IgE that stable cross-links can continue to deliver stimulatory signals for extended periods of time. Dissociation measured in the presence of monovalent hapten reveals two populations of IgE-Fc epsilonRI cross-linked by multivalent antigen that differ in functional effectiveness. Aggregates with readily dissociable cross-links are normally responsible for triggering essentially all of the degranulation response, whereas aggregates with poorly dissociable cross-links apparently do not trigger this response. Treatment of RBL-2H3 cells with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, enhances downstream signaling and enables the less readily dissociable aggregates to stimulate Ca2+ and degranulation responses. Under these conditions, cytochalasin D does not affect hapten-mediated dissociation of multivalent antigen, nor does it prevent hapten from reversing tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk. Cytochalasin D alone causes tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein at approximately 75 kDa, and it reduces hapten-induced reversal of antigen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of several other proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that stimulated actin polymerization normally regulates the coupling of aggregated Fc epsilonRI to downstream signaling pathways, and they provide an explanation for seeming discrepancies between responses to stable and reversible cross-links.

Previous studies in our laboratory established that the symmetrical bivalent ligand, N,N'-bis-[[epsilon-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino]caproyl]-L-tyrosyl]-L-cystin e ((DCT)2-cys), stably cross-links anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl-immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to high affinity receptors Fc epsilonRI on the surface of RBL-2H3 cells, forming mostly cyclic dimers containing two IgE-Fc epsilonRI and two (DCT)2-cys (Posner et al. (1995) J. Immunol. 155, 3601-3609). These cyclic dimers do not trigger Ca2+ or degranulation responses under a variety of conditions. However, we find that the linearly cross-linked IgE-Fc epsilonRI formed at higher concentrations of (DCT)2-cys do trigger degranulation in the presence of cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization. We further investigated stimulation by (DCT)2-cys of the earliest known events in the functional response, i.e., tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta and gamma subunits of Fc epsilonRI. At the higher (DCT)2-cys concentrations corresponding to linear dimers and maximal degranulation, tyrosine phosphorylation of both beta and gamma are observed. At lower (DCT)2-cys concentrations where cross-linking is maximal and cyclic dimers are overwhelmingly dominant, only gamma tyrosine phosphorylation is observed. Cytochalasin D does not affect these phosphorylation patterns, but instead appears to enhance coupling to downstream signaling events. Phosphorylation of Syk occurs at the higher (DCT)2-cys concentrations in parallel with beta phosphorylation but does not occur in its absence at the lower (DCT)2-cys concentrations. These results suggest that cyclic dimers of IgE-Fc epsilonRI are sterically restricted such that they stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of gamma but not beta, and this is not sufficient for Syk binding and/or activation.