This retrospective review is one of the first from the United States to explore the associations between measured cleft width and outcomes after palatoplasty. Overall rates of palatal fistula and VPI were low, corroborating previous studies showing good outcomes with the 2-flap palatoplasty. After adjusting for multiple variables including Veau type, cleft width was associated with higher VPI rates but not with fistula formation. Cleft width is a unique preoperative factor that should be considered and studied as a potential predictor of outcomes.

This study investigates the efficacy of local and intravenous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration to augment neuroregeneration in both a sciatic nerve cut-and-repair and rat hindlimb transplant model. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were harvested and purified from Brown-Norway (BN) rats. Sciatic nerve transections and repairs were performed in three groups of Lewis (LEW) rats: negative controls (n = 4), local MSCs (epineural) injection (n = 4), and systemic MSCs (intravenous) injection (n = 4). Syngeneic (LEW-LEW) (n = 4) and allogeneic (BN-LEW) (n = 4) hindlimb transplants were performed and assessed for neuroregeneration after local or systemic MSC treatment. Rats undergoing sciatic nerve cut-and-repair and treated with either local or systemic injection of MSCs had significant improvement in the speed of recovery of compound muscle action potential amplitudes and axon counts when compared with negative controls. Similarly, rats undergoing allogeneic hindlimb transplants treated with local injection of MSCs exhibited significantly increased axon counts. Similarly, systemic MSC treatment resulted in improved nerve regeneration following allogeneic hindlimb transplants. Systemic administration had a more pronounced effect on electromotor recovery while local injection was more effective at increasing fiber counts, suggesting different targets of action. Local and systemic MSC injections significantly improve the pace and degree of nerve regeneration after nerve injury and hindlimb transplantation.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. 1 Although it is well known that lung cancer is associated with tobacco use, it is also apparent that never smokers are susceptible to the disease. Comparisons of genetic and epigenetic aberrations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) among smokers and never smokers have revealed marked differences in tumor biology that have resulted in clinicopathologic distinctions between smokers and never smokers. Data have established that mutational differences in the active kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor confer increased sensitivities of a subset of never smokers with lung cancer to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. 2,3 Less well established is the actual natural history of NSCLC in never smokers compared with smokers. Emerging tumor biology data, especially recent reports highlighting fewer genomic alterations in never smokers, such as gene Results: Never smokers were signifi cantly more likely than current smokers to be women ( P , .01), older ( P , .01), and to have adenocarcinoma ( P , .01) and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma ( P , .01). No statistically signifi cant differences existed in stage distribution at presentation for the analytic cohort ( P 5 .35) or for the subgroup undergoing surgery ( P 5 .24). The strongest risk factors of mortality among patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery were advanced stage (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.43; 95% CI, 2.32-5.07; P , .01) and elevated American Society of Anesthesiologists classifi cation (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.40-3.40; P , .01). The minor trend toward an elevated risk of death on univariate analysis for current vs never smokers in the surgically treated group (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.98-1.46; P 5 .07) was completely eliminated when the model was adjusted for covariates ( P 5 .97). Conclusions: Our fi ndings suggest that smoking status at time of lung cancer diagnosis has little impact on the long-term survival of patients with NSCLC, especially after curative surgery. Despite different etiologies between lung cancer in never and current smokers the prognosis is equally dismal.CHEST 2010; 138(3):500-509Abbreviations: aHR 5 adjusted hazard ratio; AJCC 5 American Joint Commission on Cancer; ASA 5 American Society of Anesthesiologists; BAC 5 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; HR 5 hazard ratio; NSCLC 5 non-small cell lung cancer

Most surgeons recommend cleft palate repair between 6 and 12 months of age. Internationally adopted patients often undergo delayed repair due to social circumstances. There are few outcomes studies on this population. We conducted a 13-year retrospective review of all patients undergoing primary cleft palate repair at a single tertiary-care academic medical center between 1993 and 2006. The primary outcome was velopharyngeal insufficiency, defined as the recommendation for corrective surgery after multiple formal speech assessments. Two hundred one patients (102 males and 99 females) were identified. One hundred eighty-three repairs were performed before 18 months of age (standard repair group). Eighteen repairs were performed after 18 months of age (delayed repair group), with international adoption being a circumstance in 16 cases. The delayed and standard repair groups were similar with regard to sex, presence of craniofacial syndrome, Veau class, cleft size and laterality, type of repair, and operating surgeon. Mean follow-up was 9.3 years, with minimum follow-up of 5.0 years. Six (33%) of 18 patients in the delayed repair group developed velopharyngeal insufficiency compared to 23 (13%) of 183 in the standard repair group (P = 0.03 by Fisher exact test). These data demonstrate that internationally adopted patients undergoing delayed palate repair suffer especially poor speech outcomes. Physiologic differences in patients undergoing late repair, as well as social factors including adaptation to a new language and culture, may be factors. Early repair should be performed when possible.

In this retrospective review, those patients who had a positive history of tobacco use at the time of injury and those with risk factors for atherosclerosis had a significantly increased risk of flap complications. Although this is not surprising given the vasoconstrictive effects of nicotine and the impaired blood flow to the lower extremity in patients with atherosclerosis, this study will allow the surgeon to better counsel patients who have a history of tobacco use through complex reconstruction of the lower extremity. This analysis is a preliminary investigation into the safety and efficacy of the ALT fasciocutaneous or adipocutaneous flap to reconstruct high-energy open fractures of the lower extremity.

Introduction Permanent genital hair removal is required before gender-affirming vaginoplasty to prevent hair-related complications. No previous studies have directly compared the relative efficacy, costs, and patient experiences with laser hair removal (LHR) vs electrolysis treatments. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight of medical devices is poorly understood and commonly misrepresented, adversely affecting patient care. Aim This study compares treatment outcomes of electrolysis and LHR for genital hair removal and investigates FDA regulation of electrolysis and LHR devices. Methods Penile-inversion vaginoplasty and shallow-depth vaginoplasty patients completed surveys about their preoperative hair removal, including procedure type, number/frequency of sessions, cost, and discomfort. Publicly available FDA-review documents and databases were reviewed. Main Outcomes Measure Compared to electrolysis, LHR was associated with greater efficiency, decreased cost, decreased pain, and improved patient satisfaction. Results Of 52 total (44 full-depth and 8 shallow-depth) vaginoplasty patients, 22 of 52 underwent electrolysis only, 15 of 52 underwent laser only, and 15 of 52 used both techniques. Compared to patients that underwent LHR only, patients that underwent only electrolysis required a significantly greater number of treatment sessions (mean 24.3 electrolysis vs 8.1 LHR sessions, P < .01) and more frequent sessions (every 2.4 weeks for electrolysis vs 5.3 weeks for LHR, P < .01) to complete treatment (defined as absence of re-growth over 2 months). Electrolysis sessions were significantly longer than LHR sessions (152 minutes vs 26 minutes, P < .01). Total treatment costs for electrolysis ($5,161) were significantly greater than for laser ($981, P < .01). Electrolysis was associated with greater pain and significantly increased need for pretreatment analgesia, which further contributed to higher net costs for treatment with electrolysis vs laser. Many LHR and electrolysis devices have been FDA-cleared for safety, but the FDA does not assess or compare clinical efficacy or efficiency. Clinical Implications For patients with dark-pigmented hair, providers should consider LHR as the first-line treatment option for preoperative hair removal before gender-affirming vaginoplasty. Strength and Limitations This is the first study to compare electrolysis and LHR for genital hair removal. The discussion addresses FDA review/oversight of devices, which is commonly misrepresented. Limitations include the survey format for data collection. Conclusion When compared with electrolysis, LHR showed greater treatment efficiency (shorter and fewer treatment sessions to complete treatment), less pain, greater tolerability, and lower total cost. Our data suggests that, for patients with dark genital hair, providers should consider recommending laser as the first-line treatment for permanent genital hair removal before vaginoplasty.

Therapeutic, IV.

Introduction The age at which transgender women (TW) and men (TM) first experience gender dysphoria (GD) has not been reported in a U.S. population of adults seeking genital gender-affirming surgery (gGAS). Because gender is an innate part of identity, we hypothesized that untreated GD would be a part of individuals’ earliest memories. Understanding GD onset can help guide providers with when and how to focus care to patients not yet identified as “transgender Aim (i) Determine the age at which transgender adults seeking gGAS first experience GD (ii) Determine the number of life-years that transgender adults spend living with untreated GD Methods During initial consultation for gGAS, we asked patients the earliest age at which they experienced GD and the age at which they had their earliest episodic memory. We also queried history of anxiety, depression, and suicide attempt. Main Outcome Measures Patients self-reported their earliest recollections of experiencing GD, earliest memories in general, and history of anxiety, depression, and suicide attempt. Results Data from 155 TW (mean age 41.3; SD 16.3) and 55 TM (mean age 35.4; SD 10.8) were collected. Most patients (TM: 78%; TW: 73%) reported experiencing GD for the first time between ages 3 and 7 years.  For TM the mean age of onset was 6.17 years; for TW it was 6.71 years. A total of 81% of TW and 80% of TM described their first recollection of GD as one of their earliest memories. Mean years of persistent GD before the start of gender transition were 22.9 (TM) and 27.1 (TW). Rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide ideation decreased following gender transition. Conclusion Our findings suggest that GD typically manifests in early childhood and persists untreated for many years before individuals commence gender transition. Diagnosis and early management during childhood and adolescence can improve quality of life and survival.