In this study, the electrochemical behavior of neodymium complexes; Nd(III) in the phosphonium ionic liquid; P2225TFSA triethyl-pentyl-phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide was examined by the voltammetric method using a platinum tip electrode. The diffusional behavior of Nd(III) was certificated to be similar behavior of other rare earth complexes such as Sm. The ideal steady-state approach current of the positive feed back was obtained in Nd(III)/P2225TFSA and the fitted function of this approach curve was determined through mathematical treatment. Moreover, the concentration gradient and the related current distribution using ferrocene redox mediator for the electrodeposition process of Nd(III) were investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy. This result revealed that the current distribution on the platinum substrate for Nd(III) in P2225TFSA was drastically altered after the electrodeposition of Nd(III). Furthermore, it was revealed the interaction between Nd trivalent ion and free TFSA anion would be relatively strong considering from the solvation number analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.
Abstract. The mixed ion effect by which the conductivity minimum of a crystal with three dimensional diffusion path is observed is firstly reported for Na/Cu-NaZr2(PO4)3. The phase diagram is also obtained by estimating the frequency dependence of ionic conductivity. The behavior is in agreement with the conductivity result. NMR spectra (23Na MAS) showed the formation of an ordered distribution among different kinds of ions. The ionic conductivity of the mixed ion system Na/Cu was calculated for a two dimensional honeycomb lattice by means of the path probability method (PPM). It suggested that the mixture of two ions led to the conductivity minimum. IntroductionThe mixed alkali effect (MAE) for two unlike ions has been reported for B, B"-A1203 with a two dimensional path and glass systems [1][2][3]. In these systems, the conductivity decreased to a minimum which is lower by several orders of magnitude than for either end member. The MAE existing in crystalline systems indicates that the MAE is caused by an essential problem of percolation efficiency [4]. Our major interest is to get an insight into the MAE in three dimensional crystalline systems.The conductivity-concentration relation can be explained phenomenologically by the phase diagram of crystals including two ion particles. The interaction energies between ion particles are repulsive, but the effective total interaction energy tends to create an ordered distribution among unlike ions at low temperature. Thus, the phase diagram, confirmed by the free energy calculation, expects to show the order-disorder transition. If the ordered state is the essential cause of the MAE, a major change in the conductivity at high frequencies should tend to occur [5,6]. Therefore, we try to make the phase diagram on the basis of ac conductivity behavior in that the mixed ion crystals show less loss at high frequencies.In this paper, we firstly present the mixed ion effects (MIE) in Na/Cu-NaZr2(PO4) 3 with three dimensional diffusion path and its phase diagram. The NASICON structure
We aimed to examine the effects of pain-related catastrophic thoughts and anxiety/depression on pain intensity and quality of life (QOL), and how these effects (relationships) vary with pain location, in outpatients with chronic pain. [Participants and Methods] We recruited 14 participants with low back pain (2 males and 12 females) and 14 with knee joint pain (3 males and 11 females). We used the following evaluation tools: the visual analog scale (to evaluate pain intensity), pain catastrophizing scale (in which scores are categorized into helplessness, rumination, and magnification), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (for psychodynamic evaluation), and a questionnaire for QOL evaluation. [Results] There was no difference in pain intensity between the groups. The "low back pain" group showed a positive correlation between pain intensity and anxiety, while the "knee pain" group showed a positive correlation between pain intensity and helplessness. The "low back pain" group showed a negative correlation between health in QOL assessment items and helplessness, and between health and magnification. However, in the "knee pain" group, there was a negative correlation between health and rumination, between health and anxiety, and between positive mental attitude and magnification. [Conclusion] Mental status varied depending on the pain location, regardless of the intensity of the pain. This suggests that a psychological approach dependent on pain location is needed during physical therapy.
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